رژیم‌‌سازی چین در خلیج‌فارس؛ واکاوی منطقه آزاد تجاری چین و شورای همکاری خلیج‌فارس
محورهای موضوعی : اقدامات و سیاست‌های سازمانهاکلید واژه: چین شورای همکاری خلیج‌فارس رژیم‌‌سازی منطقه آزاد تجاری,
چکیده مقاله :
رژیم‌‌سازی یکی از ابزارهای چین جهت بسط و تعمیق همکاری با طرف‌‌های مقابل در نظر گرفته می‌‌شود که استفاده از آن به‌صورت مستمر افزایش یافته است. سؤال اصلی پژوهش حاضر این است که چرا چین به دنبال ایجاد رژیم منطقه آزاد تجاری چین-شورای همکاری خلیج‌فارس است؟ مقاله حاضر با روشی تبیینی این‌گونه استدلال می‌‌کند که چین به دنبال کسب و بیشینه‌‌سازی منافع اقتصادی خود به سمت رژیم‌‌سازی در خلیج‌فارس رو آورده است. یافته‌‌های پژوهش حاکی از آن است که چین گفتگوها جهت ایجاد منطقه آزاد تجاری چین-شورای همکاری خلیج‌فارس را به‌منظور افزایش حجم تجارت اقتصادی (25 میلیارد دلار در سال 2004) آغاز کرد. این امر حجم تجارت را در سال 2008 به بیش از 90 میلیارد دلار افزایش داد و این رقم در سال 2019 به بیش از 180 میلیارد دلار رسید. چین در حال حاضر در پی ارتقا منطقه آزاد تجاری به سایر حوزه‌‌ها مخصوصاً تجارت خدمات و سرمایه‌‌گذاری است. چارچوب نظری مقاله حاضر نظریه رژیم‌‌های منفعت محور بینالمللی و روش گردآوری مطالب نیز اسنادی است.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Regime building is considered as one of China's tools to expand and deepen cooperation with the other parties, the use of which has been continuously increasing. The main question of the present study is why has China moved towards regime-building with Persian Gulf Cooperation Council? The present article argues in an explanatory Method that China has turned to regime-building with Persian Gulf Cooperation Council in order to gain and maximize its economic interests. The findings show that China began talks to establish a China-Persian Gulf Cooperation Council Free Trade Area to boost economic trade ($ 25 billion in 2004). This increased trade volume to more than $ 90 billion in 2008 and to more than $ 180 billion in 2019. China is currently expanding its free trade area to other areas, especially trade in services and investments. The theoretical framework and the method of data collection of the present article are the theory of international interest-based regimes and documentary, respectively.
منابع و مأخذ:
Al-Tamimi, Naser. (2012). China Saudi Arabia Relations: Economic Partnership or Strategic Alliance? Discussion Paper. Durham University, HH Sheikh Nasser Al-Sabah Programme, Durham.
Al-Tamimi, Naser. (2019). The GCC’s China Policy: Hedging against Uncertainty. In: China’s Great Game in The Middle East, Camille Lons, Jonathan Fulton, Degang Sun &Naser Al-Tamimi, The European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR), Pp. 25-31.
Bin Huwaidin, Mohammed. (2002). China's Relations with Arabia and the Gulf: 1949-1999. New York: Routledge-Curzon.
Chaziza, Mordechai. (2019). The Significant Role of Oman in China’s Maritime Silk Road Initiative. Contemporary Review of the Middle East, 6(1), Pp. 44–57.
Cheng, Joseph. Y. S. (1989). The Evolution of China's Foreign Policy in the Post-Mao Era: From Anti-Hegemony to Modernization Diplomacy. in China: Modernization in the 1980s, edited by Joseph Y. S. Cheng, Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press.
Erslev Andersen, Lars & Jiang, Yang. (2014). Oil, Security, and Politics: Is China Challenging the US in the Persian Gulf? Danish Institute for International Studies.
Fulton, Jonathan. (2019A). China-UAE Relations in the Belt and Road Era. Journal of Arabian Studies, 9:2, 253-268, DOI: 10.1080/21534764.2019. 1756135.
Fulton, Jonathan. (2019B). China’s changing role in the Middle East, Washington D. C.: Atlantic Council.
Fulton, Jonathan. (2020A). China-Saudi Arabia Relations through the ‘1+2+3’ Cooperation Pattern. Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, 14:4, 516-527, DOI: 10.1080/25765949.2020.1841991
Fulton, Jonathan. (2020B). Strangers to Strategic Partners: Thirty Years of Sino-Saudi Relations. The Atlantic Council’s Scowcroft Middle East Security Initiative.
Habibi, N. (2011). Growth in economic relations of China and India with the GCC countries. Asian‐Pacific Economic Literature, 25: 52-67. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8411.2011.01311.x.
Hasenclever, Andreas; Mayer, Peter & Rittberger, Volker. (1997). Theories of International Regimes, Published in New York: Cambridge University Press.
Herlevi, April A. (2016). China and the United Arab Emirates: Sustainable Silk Road Partnership? The Jamestown Foundation: China Brief, Volume XVI, Issue 2.
Indeo, Fabio. (2021). The Middle East in China’s Belt and Road Initiative: Strategic and Geopolitical Implications. No. 256, NUS: Middle East Institute.
Keohane, Robert O. & Nye, Joseph. (2012). Power and Interdependence, 4 editions, Boston: Longman-PEARSON.
Krasner, Stephen D. (1982). International Regimes. Ithaca and New York: Cornell University Press.
Liu, Zhongmin. (2016). Historical Evolution of Relationship between China and the Gulf Region. Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (in Asia), 10:1, 1-25, DOI: 10.1080/19370679.2016.12023276.
Niazi, Khizar. (2009). Kuwait Looks towards the East: Relations with China, the Middle East Institute Policy Brief. No. 26.
Peck, Malcolm C. (2008). The A to Z of the Gulf Arab States, US: Rowman & Littlefield.
Ruggie, JG (1975). International Responses to Technology: concepts and trends. International Organization, 29 (3). pp. 557-584.
Saidi, Nasser; Prasad, Aathira & Salomoni, Sara. (2011). The Red back Cometh: Renminbi Internationalization & What to do about it. Dubai International Financial Centre, Economic Note No. 18.
Singh, Manjari. (2020). China's Great Game in the Gulf: Implications for India. Centre for Land Warfare Studies (CLAWS), Vol. 13 No. 2, Pp. 97-114.
Villalta Puig, Gonzalo & Yee, Alice Tung Ho. (2017). Challenges and Opportunities of the China-Gulf Cooperation Council Free Trade Agreement. Vol. 40, No. 1, Pp. 123-158.
Wu, B. (2011). Reflections on China-Arab Cooperation Forum: based on China-Gulf relations. Arab World Studies, No.1.
Young, Oran. (1989). International Cooperation: Building Regimes for Natural Resources and the Environment, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.
Zanghl, Bernhard. (2014). Regime Theory” In: Theories of International Relations, Schieder, Siegfried; Spindler, Manuela, London and New York: Routledge.
Abdul Kader, Binsal. (2016). Chinese Community in UAE Grows Fourfold in 10 Years. Accessed (2021/06/08), Available at: https://gulfnews.com/ going-out/ society/ chinese- community- in- uae- grows-fourfold-in-10-years- 1.1877034.
American Enterprise Institute. (2021). China Global Investment Tracker, (Accessed 2021/05/12), Available at: https://www.aei.org/china-global-investment-tracker/.
Bloomberg. (2019). Everbright Bank in Talks to Back $20Billion Saudi Fund, Accessed (2021/06/08), Available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/ news/ articles/ 2019-02-26/everbright-bank-is-said-in-talks-to-back-20-billion-saudi-fund
Chen, Aizhu & Shu, Zhang. (2018). Exclusive: As U.S. Sanctions Loom, China’s Bank of Kunlun to Stop Receiving Iran Payments—Sources, Accessed (2021/06/08), Available at: www.reuters.com/article/us-chinairan- banking- kunlun- exclusive/ exclusive- as-u-s-sanctions-loom-chinas- bank- of-kunlun- to-stop- receiving- iranpayments- sources-idUSKCN1MX1KA.
Chuanren, Chen & Pocock, Chris. (2017). Saudi Arabia Buying and Building Chinese Armed Drones, Aviation International News, (Accessed 2021/05/17), Available at: https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/ defense/2017-04-12/saudi-arabia-buying-and-building-chinese-armed-drones.
Euro Petrole. (2019). Saudi Aramco Expands Downstream Investment in China Zhejiang Free Trade Zone, (Accessed 2021/05/14), Available at: https:// www.euro-petrole.com/saudi-aramco-expands-downstream-investment-in-china-zhejiang-free-trade-zone-n-i-19340.
Fulton, Jonathan. (2019). China in the Gulf: Chinese investments connected with the New Silk Road initiative with Gulf Cooperation Council states, (Accessed 2021/05/12), Available at: https://www.eni.com/en-IT/global-energy-scenarios/china-new-silk-road.html.
Gulf Business. (2017). Oman Counts on Chinese Billions to Build Mega City at Duqm: Oman Aims to Transform Duqm, a Fishing Village South of Muscat, into an Industrial Centre, (Accessed 2021/05/02), Available at: https://gulfbusiness.com/oman-counts-chinese-billions-build-mega-city-duqm/.
Gulf Monitor. (2019). Kuwaiti Megaproject Faces Investment Challenges at Home and Abroad, (Accessed 2021/05/04), Available at: https:// castlereagh. net/kuwaiti-megaproject-faces-investment-challenges-at-home-and-abroad/.
Jin, Zhang. (2004). Progress Made in Free Trade Talks with GCC, (Accessed 2021/05/19), Available at: www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2004-07/05/content_345425.htm.
Jing, Shi. (2018). Shanghai Electric to Construct Solar Facility in Dubai, China Daily, (Accessed 2021/05/04), Available at: http://www.chinadaily.com. cn/ a/201804/14/WS5ad1b0a7a3105cdcf6518485.html.
Martin, Matthew. (2015). U.A.E, China Create $10 Billion Strategic Investment Fund, Accessed (2021/06/08), Available at: https://www.bloomberg. com/ news/ articles/ 2015-12-14/u-a-e-china-create-10-billion-strategic-investment-fund-ii5x83pb
Martin, Matthew, MacDonald, Fiona & Chan, Vinicy. (2019). Kuwait Plans $10Billion Investment Fund with China, Accessed (2021/06/08), Available at: https:// www. bloomberg. com/news/articles/2019-02-28/kuwait-is-said-to-plan-10-billion-investment-fund-with-china
Ministry of Commerce People’s Republic of China (MCPRC). (2021). China-GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council) FTA, (Accessed 2021/05/12), Available at: fta.mofcom.gov.cn/list/engcc/engccnews/ 1/encateinfo. html.
National Bureau of Statistics of China. (2021). Statistical Database, (Accessed 2021/05/12), Available at: www.stats.gov.cn/english/Statisticaldata/ AnnualData/.
People’s Daily. (2010). China and GCC Held the First Round of Strategic Dialogue, (Accessed 2021/06/09), Available at: en.people.cn/90001/ 90776/ 90883/7013180.html.
Pipeline & Gas Journal. (2021). China’s 2020 Crude Oil Imports Surged 7.3%”, (Accessed 2021/05/19), Available at: https://pgjonline.com/news/2021/ january/china-s-2020-crude-oil-imports-surged-73.
Reuters. (2017). Saudi Arabia signs cooperation deals with China on nuclear energy, (Accessed 2021/05/04), Available at: https://www.reuters.com/ article/ saudi-china-nuclear-idUSL8N1LB1CE.
Reuters (2018A) China to Become Top Gas Importer in 2019 Boosted by LNG-IEA, Accessed (2021/06/08), Available at: www.reuters.com/article/ gas- iea/ china- to-become-top-gas-importer-in-2019-boosted-by-lng-iea-idUSL1N1TR114.
Reuters. (2018B). Qatargas Agrees on 22-Year LNG Supply Deal with China, Accessed (2021/06/08), Available at: www.reuters.com/article/us-qatar-petrochina/qatargas-agrees-on-22-year-lng-supply-deal-with-china-idUSKCN1LQ0DM.
Reuters. (2018C). Update 1-UAE’s Yuan Clearing Centre Clears $6.5Billion in Transactions, (Accessed 2021/06/09), Available at: https://in.reuters. com/ article/ emirates- china-yuan/update-1-uaes-yuan-clearing-centre-clears-65-billion-in-transactions-idINL8N1YG3OB.
Reuters. (2019). CNOOC, ADNOC Sign MOU on Exploration, Oil Refining, LNG Trade: State Media, (Accessed 2021/05/07), Available at: https:// www.reuters.com/article/us-china-emirates-adnoc-idUSKCN1UH0X9.
Safety4Sea. (2018). ADNOC Awarded Contracts For World’s Largest 3D Seismic Survey”, (Accessed 2021/05/07), Available at: https:// safety4sea. com/ adnoc-awarded-contracts-for-worlds-largest-3d-seismic- survey/?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=6176bb877cbbffab3b8ddafb 05c 2ad91f314700 -1619644700-0-ATozxmZRNpXX1Xc8Ywf3 VkoIvgc6 n78qc JE4vXbcR4c8jPMlE9Im4pN5ji-mmrcR Q1QieymJQYG_ ZE8_ Lletx9dGMlzqmN6ZtMJ3WoFCOoBlmqI5 xquRM 23pYa7g 40E8Vf5 ix0xROFDaGh-LxzlOp56BixMwp_mv7-m0s5bQZGzXW-J9ST3p2 Y0 MEB36QqLYcxgxhKjqCsfpDl_ 8wR7C6F6gWX2B4BxetbT8maS6 aMEHvRC98B7iwGN9Lw9_O2sScHKOQhz7a0LPfsK9ftgAa4OhvRF_5iX35Jvzmf4s-x_OH1deFJJ01F0a3 jQgSprrgI_ PSwOlk069HIDtirSLB 27Ip734EjySJgJrfbD9VWM6oA Q4Q5aQyxPC59eIt-FfcMJHKkn Wt3 EjQKJEe3WzD4oT5ctzWYD826 woetDf1m0WzZJQxGrb96YQ5b8 BSvhLVQIshA_eax5ktExG-P0Dp2PiuDe_zDJtWjjJRCd0B.
Saudi Arabian Association of Chinese Enterprises. (2016). Inauguration of YASREF, (Accessed 2021/05/12), Available at: www.saudi-cocc.net/en/ home/59.
Scott, Emma. (2015). China’s ‘One Belt, One Road’ Strategy Meets the UAE’s Look East Policy, China Brief 15, No. 11, Accessed (2021/06/08), Available at: https://jamestown.org/program/chinas-one-belt-one-road-strategy-meets-the-uaeslook-east-policy.
Siqi, Cao & Xuanzun, Liu. (2021). China’s anti-stealth tech shines at radar expo: Domestically developed equipment ‘fits trend in modern warfare, (Accessed 2021/06/11), Available at: https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/ 202104/1221825.shtml
US Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). China Becomes World’s Second Largest LNG Importer, Behind Japan, Accessed (2021/06/08), Available at: www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=35072.
Wadhams, Nick & Westall, Sylvia. (2021). Biden Prods UAE to Dump Huawei, Sowing Doubts on Key F-35 Sale, (Accessed 2021/06/11), Available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-06-11/biden-prods-uae-to-dump-huawei-sowing-doubts-on-key-f-35-sale
Wall Street Journal. (2014). Qatar Investment Authority, China’s Citic Group Form $10B Joint Fund, Accessed (2021/06/08), Available at: https://www.wsj.com/articles/DJFLBO0120141104eab4lehwx.
World Nuclear Association. (2021). Nuclear Power in the United Arab Emirates, (2021/05/07), Accessed Available at: https://www.world-nuclear.org/ information-library/country-profiles/countries-t-z/united-arab-emirates. aspx.
Xinhua. (2021). China, GCC Discuss Resuming Free Trade Talks, (Accessed 2021/05/19), Available at: www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-03/25/c_ 139835525.htm
Al-Tamimi, Naser. (2012). China Saudi Arabia Relations: Economic Partnership or Strategic Alliance? Discussion Paper. Durham University, HH Sheikh Nasser Al-Sabah Programme, Durham.
Al-Tamimi, Naser. (2019). The GCC’s China Policy: Hedging against Uncertainty. In: China’s Great Game in The Middle East, Camille Lons, Jonathan Fulton, Degang Sun &Naser Al-Tamimi, The European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR), Pp. 25-31.
Bin Huwaidin, Mohammed. (2002). China's Relations with Arabia and the Gulf: 1949-1999. New York: Routledge-Curzon.
Chaziza, Mordechai. (2019). The Significant Role of Oman in China’s Maritime Silk Road Initiative. Contemporary Review of the Middle East, 6(1), Pp. 44–57.
Cheng, Joseph. Y. S. (1989). The Evolution of China's Foreign Policy in the Post-Mao Era: From Anti-Hegemony to Modernization Diplomacy. in China: Modernization in the 1980s, edited by Joseph Y. S. Cheng, Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press.
Erslev Andersen, Lars & Jiang, Yang. (2014). Oil, Security, and Politics: Is China Challenging the US in the Persian Gulf? Danish Institute for International Studies.
Fulton, Jonathan. (2019A). China-UAE Relations in the Belt and Road Era. Journal of Arabian Studies, 9:2, 253-268, DOI: 10.1080/21534764.2019. 1756135.
Fulton, Jonathan. (2019B). China’s changing role in the Middle East, Washington D. C.: Atlantic Council.
Fulton, Jonathan. (2020A). China-Saudi Arabia Relations through the ‘1+2+3’ Cooperation Pattern. Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, 14:4, 516-527, DOI: 10.1080/25765949.2020.1841991
Fulton, Jonathan. (2020B). Strangers to Strategic Partners: Thirty Years of Sino-Saudi Relations. The Atlantic Council’s Scowcroft Middle East Security Initiative.
Habibi, N. (2011). Growth in economic relations of China and India with the GCC countries. Asian‐Pacific Economic Literature, 25: 52-67. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8411.2011.01311.x.
Hasenclever, Andreas; Mayer, Peter & Rittberger, Volker. (1997). Theories of International Regimes, Published in New York: Cambridge University Press.
Herlevi, April A. (2016). China and the United Arab Emirates: Sustainable Silk Road Partnership? The Jamestown Foundation: China Brief, Volume XVI, Issue 2.
Indeo, Fabio. (2021). The Middle East in China’s Belt and Road Initiative: Strategic and Geopolitical Implications. No. 256, NUS: Middle East Institute.
Keohane, Robert O. & Nye, Joseph. (2012). Power and Interdependence, 4 editions, Boston: Longman-PEARSON.
Krasner, Stephen D. (1982). International Regimes. Ithaca and New York: Cornell University Press.
Liu, Zhongmin. (2016). Historical Evolution of Relationship between China and the Gulf Region. Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (in Asia), 10:1, 1-25, DOI: 10.1080/19370679.2016.12023276.
Niazi, Khizar. (2009). Kuwait Looks towards the East: Relations with China, the Middle East Institute Policy Brief. No. 26.
Peck, Malcolm C. (2008). The A to Z of the Gulf Arab States, US: Rowman & Littlefield.
Ruggie, JG (1975). International Responses to Technology: concepts and trends. International Organization, 29 (3). pp. 557-584.
Saidi, Nasser; Prasad, Aathira & Salomoni, Sara. (2011). The Red back Cometh: Renminbi Internationalization & What to do about it. Dubai International Financial Centre, Economic Note No. 18.
Singh, Manjari. (2020). China's Great Game in the Gulf: Implications for India. Centre for Land Warfare Studies (CLAWS), Vol. 13 No. 2, Pp. 97-114.
Villalta Puig, Gonzalo & Yee, Alice Tung Ho. (2017). Challenges and Opportunities of the China-Gulf Cooperation Council Free Trade Agreement. Vol. 40, No. 1, Pp. 123-158.
Wu, B. (2011). Reflections on China-Arab Cooperation Forum: based on China-Gulf relations. Arab World Studies, No.1.
Young, Oran. (1989). International Cooperation: Building Regimes for Natural Resources and the Environment, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.
Zanghl, Bernhard. (2014). Regime Theory” In: Theories of International Relations, Schieder, Siegfried; Spindler, Manuela, London and New York: Routledge.
Abdul Kader, Binsal. (2016). Chinese Community in UAE Grows Fourfold in 10 Years. Accessed (2021/06/08), Available at: https://gulfnews.com/ going-out/ society/ chinese- community- in- uae- grows-fourfold-in-10-years- 1.1877034.
American Enterprise Institute. (2021). China Global Investment Tracker, (Accessed 2021/05/12), Available at: https://www.aei.org/china-global-investment-tracker/.
Bloomberg. (2019). Everbright Bank in Talks to Back $20Billion Saudi Fund, Accessed (2021/06/08), Available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/ news/ articles/ 2019-02-26/everbright-bank-is-said-in-talks-to-back-20-billion-saudi-fund
Chen, Aizhu & Shu, Zhang. (2018). Exclusive: As U.S. Sanctions Loom, China’s Bank of Kunlun to Stop Receiving Iran Payments—Sources, Accessed (2021/06/08), Available at: www.reuters.com/article/us-chinairan- banking- kunlun- exclusive/ exclusive- as-u-s-sanctions-loom-chinas- bank- of-kunlun- to-stop- receiving- iranpayments- sources-idUSKCN1MX1KA.
Chuanren, Chen & Pocock, Chris. (2017). Saudi Arabia Buying and Building Chinese Armed Drones, Aviation International News, (Accessed 2021/05/17), Available at: https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/ defense/2017-04-12/saudi-arabia-buying-and-building-chinese-armed-drones.
Euro Petrole. (2019). Saudi Aramco Expands Downstream Investment in China Zhejiang Free Trade Zone, (Accessed 2021/05/14), Available at: https:// www.euro-petrole.com/saudi-aramco-expands-downstream-investment-in-china-zhejiang-free-trade-zone-n-i-19340.
Fulton, Jonathan. (2019). China in the Gulf: Chinese investments connected with the New Silk Road initiative with Gulf Cooperation Council states, (Accessed 2021/05/12), Available at: https://www.eni.com/en-IT/global-energy-scenarios/china-new-silk-road.html.
Gulf Business. (2017). Oman Counts on Chinese Billions to Build Mega City at Duqm: Oman Aims to Transform Duqm, a Fishing Village South of Muscat, into an Industrial Centre, (Accessed 2021/05/02), Available at: https://gulfbusiness.com/oman-counts-chinese-billions-build-mega-city-duqm/.
Gulf Monitor. (2019). Kuwaiti Megaproject Faces Investment Challenges at Home and Abroad, (Accessed 2021/05/04), Available at: https:// castlereagh. net/kuwaiti-megaproject-faces-investment-challenges-at-home-and-abroad/.
Jin, Zhang. (2004). Progress Made in Free Trade Talks with GCC, (Accessed 2021/05/19), Available at: www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2004-07/05/content_345425.htm.
Jing, Shi. (2018). Shanghai Electric to Construct Solar Facility in Dubai, China Daily, (Accessed 2021/05/04), Available at: http://www.chinadaily.com. cn/ a/201804/14/WS5ad1b0a7a3105cdcf6518485.html.
Martin, Matthew. (2015). U.A.E, China Create $10 Billion Strategic Investment Fund, Accessed (2021/06/08), Available at: https://www.bloomberg. com/ news/ articles/ 2015-12-14/u-a-e-china-create-10-billion-strategic-investment-fund-ii5x83pb
Martin, Matthew, MacDonald, Fiona & Chan, Vinicy. (2019). Kuwait Plans $10Billion Investment Fund with China, Accessed (2021/06/08), Available at: https:// www. bloomberg. com/news/articles/2019-02-28/kuwait-is-said-to-plan-10-billion-investment-fund-with-china
Ministry of Commerce People’s Republic of China (MCPRC). (2021). China-GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council) FTA, (Accessed 2021/05/12), Available at: fta.mofcom.gov.cn/list/engcc/engccnews/ 1/encateinfo. html.
National Bureau of Statistics of China. (2021). Statistical Database, (Accessed 2021/05/12), Available at: www.stats.gov.cn/english/Statisticaldata/ AnnualData/.
People’s Daily. (2010). China and GCC Held the First Round of Strategic Dialogue, (Accessed 2021/06/09), Available at: en.people.cn/90001/ 90776/ 90883/7013180.html.
Pipeline & Gas Journal. (2021). China’s 2020 Crude Oil Imports Surged 7.3%”, (Accessed 2021/05/19), Available at: https://pgjonline.com/news/2021/ january/china-s-2020-crude-oil-imports-surged-73.
Reuters. (2017). Saudi Arabia signs cooperation deals with China on nuclear energy, (Accessed 2021/05/04), Available at: https://www.reuters.com/ article/ saudi-china-nuclear-idUSL8N1LB1CE.
Reuters (2018A) China to Become Top Gas Importer in 2019 Boosted by LNG-IEA, Accessed (2021/06/08), Available at: www.reuters.com/article/ gas- iea/ china- to-become-top-gas-importer-in-2019-boosted-by-lng-iea-idUSL1N1TR114.
Reuters. (2018B). Qatargas Agrees on 22-Year LNG Supply Deal with China, Accessed (2021/06/08), Available at: www.reuters.com/article/us-qatar-petrochina/qatargas-agrees-on-22-year-lng-supply-deal-with-china-idUSKCN1LQ0DM.
Reuters. (2018C). Update 1-UAE’s Yuan Clearing Centre Clears $6.5Billion in Transactions, (Accessed 2021/06/09), Available at: https://in.reuters. com/ article/ emirates- china-yuan/update-1-uaes-yuan-clearing-centre-clears-65-billion-in-transactions-idINL8N1YG3OB.
Reuters. (2019). CNOOC, ADNOC Sign MOU on Exploration, Oil Refining, LNG Trade: State Media, (Accessed 2021/05/07), Available at: https:// www.reuters.com/article/us-china-emirates-adnoc-idUSKCN1UH0X9.
Safety4Sea. (2018). ADNOC Awarded Contracts For World’s Largest 3D Seismic Survey”, (Accessed 2021/05/07), Available at: https:// safety4sea. com/ adnoc-awarded-contracts-for-worlds-largest-3d-seismic- survey/?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=6176bb877cbbffab3b8ddafb 05c 2ad91f314700 -1619644700-0-ATozxmZRNpXX1Xc8Ywf3 VkoIvgc6 n78qc JE4vXbcR4c8jPMlE9Im4pN5ji-mmrcR Q1QieymJQYG_ ZE8_ Lletx9dGMlzqmN6ZtMJ3WoFCOoBlmqI5 xquRM 23pYa7g 40E8Vf5 ix0xROFDaGh-LxzlOp56BixMwp_mv7-m0s5bQZGzXW-J9ST3p2 Y0 MEB36QqLYcxgxhKjqCsfpDl_ 8wR7C6F6gWX2B4BxetbT8maS6 aMEHvRC98B7iwGN9Lw9_O2sScHKOQhz7a0LPfsK9ftgAa4OhvRF_5iX35Jvzmf4s-x_OH1deFJJ01F0a3 jQgSprrgI_ PSwOlk069HIDtirSLB 27Ip734EjySJgJrfbD9VWM6oA Q4Q5aQyxPC59eIt-FfcMJHKkn Wt3 EjQKJEe3WzD4oT5ctzWYD826 woetDf1m0WzZJQxGrb96YQ5b8 BSvhLVQIshA_eax5ktExG-P0Dp2PiuDe_zDJtWjjJRCd0B.
Saudi Arabian Association of Chinese Enterprises. (2016). Inauguration of YASREF, (Accessed 2021/05/12), Available at: www.saudi-cocc.net/en/ home/59.
Scott, Emma. (2015). China’s ‘One Belt, One Road’ Strategy Meets the UAE’s Look East Policy, China Brief 15, No. 11, Accessed (2021/06/08), Available at: https://jamestown.org/program/chinas-one-belt-one-road-strategy-meets-the-uaeslook-east-policy.
Siqi, Cao & Xuanzun, Liu. (2021). China’s anti-stealth tech shines at radar expo: Domestically developed equipment ‘fits trend in modern warfare, (Accessed 2021/06/11), Available at: https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/ 202104/1221825.shtml
US Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). China Becomes World’s Second Largest LNG Importer, Behind Japan, Accessed (2021/06/08), Available at: www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=35072.
Wadhams, Nick & Westall, Sylvia. (2021). Biden Prods UAE to Dump Huawei, Sowing Doubts on Key F-35 Sale, (Accessed 2021/06/11), Available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-06-11/biden-prods-uae-to-dump-huawei-sowing-doubts-on-key-f-35-sale
Wall Street Journal. (2014). Qatar Investment Authority, China’s Citic Group Form $10B Joint Fund, Accessed (2021/06/08), Available at: https://www.wsj.com/articles/DJFLBO0120141104eab4lehwx.
World Nuclear Association. (2021). Nuclear Power in the United Arab Emirates, (2021/05/07), Accessed Available at: https://www.world-nuclear.org/ information-library/country-profiles/countries-t-z/united-arab-emirates. aspx.
Xinhua. (2021). China, GCC Discuss Resuming Free Trade Talks, (Accessed 2021/05/19), Available at: www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-03/25/c_ 139835525.htm