پیشرفت در سیاست خارجی و امنیتی مشترک اتحادیه اروپا: مطالعه‌ی موردی بحران اکراین و کوزوو
محورهای موضوعی : اقدامات و سیاست‌های سازمان‌ها
یوسف مولایی
1
عیسی عادی
2
(دانشگاه تهران)
کلید واژه: سیاست خارجی و امنیتی مشترکسیاست دفاعی و امنیتی مشترککوزووبحران اکراینتوافق لیسبون,
چکیده مقاله :
هدف مقاله‌ی حاضر، ارزیابی میزان موفقیت سیاست خارجی و امنیتی مشترک اتحادیه‌ی اروپا پس از لیسبون با استفاده از مطالعه‌ی موردی در بحران اکراین در سال 2014 و مقایسه‌ی آن با جنگِ کوزوو در سال 1999 است. بدین منظور، ابتدا معاهده‌ی لیسبون و تفاوت‌های آن با معاهده‌ی ماستریخت موردبررسی قرار می‌گیرد، سپس به تفاوت‌های بحران اکراین با بحران کوزوو اشاره خواهد شد. درنهایت عملکرد دستگاه سیاست خارجی اتحادیه‌ی اروپا درخصوص این بحران مورد ارزیابی قرار خواهد گرفت.
The article seeks to evaluate the progress in the EU common foreign and security policy after the Lisbon treaty in comparison with Maastricht Treaty. Two crises in Eastern Europe have been studied by reviewing the EU’s official documents and ratifications. Ukraine crisis occurred five years after the Lisbon treaty, likewise the Kosovo crisis happened five years after the Maastricht treaty. By comparing the EU reaction to these two crises, the achievements can be evaluated. The focus is mainly on restrictive measures like economic and diplomatic sanctions. The study shows that considering all differences, the Ukrainian crisis was a success story and the EU drew a more cohesive and more efficient response. This conclusion was reached by the number of reactions and their efficacy. However, there are some qualifications, especially when positive peace is explored, the outcome did not satisfy the expectations.
ایزدی، پیروز (1387). معاهده ليسبون گامي ديگر در وحدت اروپا. مجله راهبرد، شماره 47.
حکمت، ناصر، و رمضانی، محمدعلی (1394). تحلیل عملکرد سیاست همسایگی اتحادیه‌ی اروپا مطالعه‌ی موردی اوکراین. پژوهش‌نامه ایرانی سیاست بین‌الملل، 49-71.
زادوخین (1384). سیاست خارجی روسیه، خودآگاهی و منافع ملی (مهدی سنائی، ترجمه). تهران: مؤسسه‌ی فرهنگی مطالعات و تحقیقات راهبردی ابرار معاصر.
صفری، عسگر، و وثوقی، سعید (1395). ژئوپلیتیک اوکراین و نقش آن در رقابت روسیه و ایالات‌متحده آمریکا. فصلنامه تحقیقات سیاسی و بین‌المللی، 109-136.
مجيدي، محمدرضا، ثمودي پيله رود، عليرضا، نورعلي وند، ياسر (1392). سياست خارجي، امنيتي و دفاعي اتحاديه اروپا پس از جنگ سرد. تهران: نشر خرسندی.
A divided Ukraine (2014, 3 3). Retrieved from Cable News Network: http://www.cnn.com/interactive/2014/02/world/ukraine-divided/
An Insider's View of EU Efforts in Kosovo. (2012, 11 7). Retrieved from The Spiegel Online: http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/veteran-insider-provides-grim-account-of-eulex-efforts-in-kosovo-a-865650.html
Bislimi, F. T (2012). International Statebuilding in Kosovo: The Shifting Trend in the Level of US – EU Involvement. THE WESTERN BALKANS POLICY REVIEW, 2(2), 48-72. Retrieved from http://www.kppcenter. org/ wbpreview.html
Cohen, B (1993). Why Europe Failed to Halt The Genocide in Bosnia.
Collaku, P (2015). Deadly 2004 Unrest ‘Damaged Kosovo’s Image’. Retrieved from Balkan Transitional Justice: http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/ article/march-events-have-faded-kosovo-s-image
Dedman, M. J (2010). The Origins and Development of the European Union 1945-2008 (Second ed). New York: Routledge.
EU Civilian and Military Missions (2003). Retrieved from London School of Economics and Political Science:http://www.lse.ac.uk/ international Relations/centresandunits/EFPU/EFPUpdfs/EU-Civilian-and-Military.
Daalder, I., & M. O’Hanlon (1999). Unlearning the lessons of Kosovo. Foreign Policy, 116, 128-140. Retrieved from http:// www. jstor. org/ stable/ 1149651
Jarosiewicz, Aleksandra., Kłysiński, Kamil., & Wiśniewsk, Iwona (2010). Common Economic Space: another step towards integration focused on Russia. Retrieved from The Centre for Eastern Studies (OSW) : https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/analyses/2010-12-15/common-economic-space-another-step-towards-integration-focused-russia.
Jozwiak, R (2017). After Four Years Of Drama, EU-Ukraine Association Agreement Comes Into Force. Brussels: Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty.
Kostanyan, H (2017). Assessing European Neighbourhood Policy, Perspectives from the Literature. London: Rowman & Littlefield International, Ltd.
Kozlenko, S., & Heintz, J (2015). Troubled Ukraine Marks Year Since Protest Bloodbath in Kiev. Retrieved from ABC News Internet Ventures: http://web.archive.org/web/20150221015130/http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/troubled-ukraine-marks-year-protest-bloodbath-kiev-29103345
Latawski, Paul., & Smith, Martin (2003). The Kosovo crisis and the evolution of post-Cold War European security. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press.
Laursen, F (2012). The EU's Lisbon Treaty, Institutional Choices and Implementation. Surrey: Ashgate.
Legvold, R (2015). Robert Legvold on the New Cold War, Interview with Columbia University Professor and Leading Russia Scholar. (S. Ramani, Interviewer) Retrieved from https://www.huffingtonpost.com/samuel-ramani/robert-legvold-on-the-new_b_8514120.html#
Lindsay, H (2017). Top 10 Facts About the Kosovo War. Retrieved from The Borgen Project: https://borgenproject.org/the-kosovo-war/
Parish, M (2014). Kosovo and Crimea – what’s the difference? Retrieved from Transconflict: http:// www. transconflict. com/ 2014/06/ kosovo- and-crimea- whats-the-difference-026/
Piris, J.-C (2010). The Lisbon Treaty, a Legal and Political Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Quackenbush, S. L (2014). International Conflict, Logic and Evidence. Los Angeles: SAGE.
Ray , Julie., & Esipova, Neli. (2018). Ukrainians, Russians More Polarized on Future of Relations. Retrieved from Gallup: http://news.gallup.com/poll/ 228086/ ukrainians-russians-polarized-future-relations.aspx
Rights, O. o (2017). Report on the human rights situation in Ukraine - 16 August to 15 November 2017. United Nations, Human Rights, Office of High Commissioner. Retrieved from https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb. int/ files/ resources/UAReport20th_EN.pdf
Schneider, K (2001). The Partnership and Co-operation Agreement (PCA) between Ukraine and the EU — Idea and Reality. Ukraine on the Road to Europe (pp. 66-78). Heidelberg: Hoffmann L., Möllers F. (eds).
Shepherd, A. J (2009). A milestone in the history of the EU’: Kosovo and the EU's international role. International Affairs, 85(3), 513-530. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2346.2009.00811.x
Smith, N. R (2016). Employing a Neoclassical Realist Framework for the Analysis of the EUs Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement offer to Ukraine. International Relations, 29-48.
Staff, R (2017). Russian gas exports via Ukraine up 23 pct this year. Retrieved from Reuters: https:// www. reuters. com/ article/ ukraine- gas-transit/ russian- gas -exports-via-ukraine-up-23-pct-this-year-idUSL8N1LI10E
The history of the European Union. (n.d.). Retrieved from The Official Website of the European Union: https:// europa. eu/ european- union/ about-eu/history/1970-1979/1970_en
Timeline - EU restrictive measures in response to the crisis in Ukraine (2018). Retrieved from European Council and and Council of the European Union: http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/sanctions/ukraine-crisis/history-ukraine-crisis/
Treaty of Amsterdam (1997). Retrieved from European Parliament: http:// www. europarl.europa.eu/topics/treaty/pdf/amst-en.pdf
Tweedie, N (2009). Kosovo War: Thousands killed as Serb forces tried to keep control of province. Retrieved from The Telegraph: https://www. telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/kosovo/5084374/Kosovo-War-Thousands-killed-as-Serb-forces-tried-to-keep-control-of-province.html
Ukraine crisis: timeline of major events. (2015). Retrieved from The Telegraph: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/ukraine/11449122/Ukraine-crisis-timeline-of-major-events.html
Vasovic, A., & Pawlak, J (2013). EU brokers historic Kosovo deal, door opens to Serbia accession. Retrieved from Reuters: https://www.reuters.com/ article/ us-serbia-kosovo-eu/eu-brokers-historic-kosovo-deal-door-opens-to-serbia-accession-idUSBRE93I0IB20130419
Velychenko, S (2007). Ukraine, the EU and Russia, History, Culture and International Relations. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Velychenko, S. (2007). Ukraine: EU Member or a Second Belarus? In S. Velychenko, Ukraine, the EU and Russia (pp. 1-52). New York: PALGRAVE MACMILLAN.
Waterfield, B (2009). Lisbon Treaty Q & A: your guide to what it means and what happens next. Retrieved from The Telegraph: https://www. telegraph. co. uk/ news/ majornews/ 6257617/ Lisbon- Treaty- Q-and-A- your-guide-to-what-it-means-and-what-happens-next.html#top