List of Politics subject articles

Open Access Article

1 - Role of the Islamic Republic of Iran in Regional and International Institutions
Nasrin Mosaffa جواد امین‌منصور

With the emergence of transnational and multilateral arrangements as major means of international negotiations and cooperation, questions have arisen about membership and participation in such arrangements: how to interact with them, and how to assess the impact of tran More

With the emergence of transnational and multilateral arrangements as major means of international negotiations and cooperation, questions have arisen about membership and participation in such arrangements: how to interact with them, and how to assess the impact of transnational institutions on national interests of member states. The present paper reviews the theoretical frameworks related to this issue before analyzing the role of the Islamic Republic of Iran in regional and international institutions and discussing the necessity of establishing a desirable and effective relations with international organizations. In doing this, the experience and scope of the presence and activities of the Islamic Republic of Iran in these organizations have been divided into three periods: from the victory of the Islamic Revolution to the end of the Iraq’s war against Iran in 1988; from 1989 to 2004, and from 2004 up to the present time. The paper enumerates common features of these three periods as well as their differences to delineate an overall picture of the Islamic Republic of Iran’s foreign policy with relation to regional and international institutions. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Opportunities and constraints of Islamic Republic of Iran’s NAM Chairmanship
محمود خاني جوي‌آباد مصطفی زهرانی

While enumerating the strengths and weaknesses of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), out of all the existing hypotheses about the role and functions of this mechanism, the present paper focuses on the possibility of optimizing the function and accelerating, if possible, th More

While enumerating the strengths and weaknesses of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), out of all the existing hypotheses about the role and functions of this mechanism, the present paper focuses on the possibility of optimizing the function and accelerating, if possible, the restructuring of NAM, especially by taking advantage of the chairmanship of the Islamic Republic of Iran over the next three years. It offers a number of contextual and applied proposals in order to explore and analyze this hypothesis. The paper concludes that following the collapse of the Soviet Union, the NAM has been increasingly marginalized. Prominent members of the movement, including India, Indonesia (both among founding members of the NAM), South Africa and even Saudi Arabia have been assimilated in the G-20 group. Other big powers like China, Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico (which are Member States of the G-20 and Observer Members of the NAM) are under tremendous pressure and have, willingly or unwillingly, become more and more inclined toward peaceful coexistence with the hegemonic powers. As a result, they have gradually distanced themselves from the original ideals of the movement and even worse, have not been able to maintain their commitment to the principles and goals of the NAM, especially as Member States of the NAM which are also Member States of the United Nations Security Council. Meanwhile, the Islamic Republic of Iran pursues a unique approach to realizing the principles and goals of the movement. The paper examines some proposals to evaluate the quality of Iran’s impact on the movement as chairman of the 16th Conference of the NAM and a member of its Troika. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Globalization of Democracy, Transnationalization of Norms, and Plurality of Players in International Organizations
Mohammad یزدان‌پناه شوره‌گل سید محمدکاظم سجادپور

Due to rapid globalization, theoretical and practical areas of human life have undergone profound changes and, as a result of compactness of time and place, domestic and foreign spheres of nation-states have become intertwined. One of the most important examples of this More

Due to rapid globalization, theoretical and practical areas of human life have undergone profound changes and, as a result of compactness of time and place, domestic and foreign spheres of nation-states have become intertwined. One of the most important examples of this situation is the relationship between democracy within the nation-state and the wave of globalization beyond national borders. The main goal of this paper is to describe and expound the effects of globalization of democracy at international level on the real nature of international players and their performance in international organizations. The main question of the paper is: “What impact does the globalization of democracy have on international players in international organizations?” In response, the paper claims that “globalization of democracy has given birth to transnational democratic norms, thus, leading to plurality of players in international organizations.” The present study also poses a number of secondary questions, including those about the quality of globalization and its effect on national democratic states, emergence of nongovernmental players and their functions within international institutions. To do this, a descriptive-analytical method has been used in this research. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - Multilateral Export Control Regimes: a Legal Mechanism or Tool of Political Pressure?
غلامحسین دهقانی فاطمه هاشمی

Multilateral export control regimes are among major tools used by developed Western countries during the past six decades to maintain their technological supremacy under the pretext of preventing proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. These regimes have grown and More

Multilateral export control regimes are among major tools used by developed Western countries during the past six decades to maintain their technological supremacy under the pretext of preventing proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. These regimes have grown and developed unprecedentedly in both quantitative and qualitative terms especially in the past decade following 9/11 terrorist attacks. Opponents and proponents have offered various viewpoints on the legality or illegality of these regimes on the basis of the international law. This research first presents a theoretical framework for the assessment of those viewpoints. Since both opponents and proponents have emphasized on the relationship between these regimes and international nonproliferation regimes, their implications for availability of equipment and material related to weapons of mass destruction, conventional weapons, missiles, and dual-use goods and material are briefly discussed. Finally, developments of these regimes in addition to viewpoints of proponents and opponents about legality and illegality of export control regimes are explained using a comparative study of commitments of states members of these regimes and their commitments under international nonproliferation treaties. The conclusion is that such export control regimes, which have been developed by their members to create monopoly on technical know-how and technology, are incompatible with commitments of member states under international law Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Victims of Peace: UN Responsibility and Remedial Mechanisms
ghasem zamani

Occasional violations of international law occur as the United Nations and its peacekeeping forces carry out their important responsibility and mission for protecting global peace and security. Remedial mechanisms become more complicated when the actions of peacekeeping More

Occasional violations of international law occur as the United Nations and its peacekeeping forces carry out their important responsibility and mission for protecting global peace and security. Remedial mechanisms become more complicated when the actions of peacekeeping forces are attributed to the UN as a result of certain principles of international responsibility. On the one hand, the UN’s responsibility toward victims of such violations requires the world body to be answerable while, on the other hand, its immunity to trial in national and transnational courts, has barred victims from taking legal action. Although the UN has taken steps to solve this problem in order to restore the credit it has lost as a result of the actions of its forces as well as its immunity, the proposed mechanisms have posed new challenges, thus, making the UN target of new criticism. Such criticism seems even more justified as a result of the promotion of human rights in international community and alterations in the aforesaid immunity. The present paper discusses the necessity of introducing new mechanisms or reforms by the UN which would make the existing mechanisms more efficient and fairer Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - G4, an Effort for Permanent Membership in the UN Security Council: Background and Future Trends
آرمین امینی شمس عظیمی

During the past two decades, many states and groups of states have offered proposals for structural reforms in the UN Security Council. Some proposals seek to increase the number of permanent members of the Council. The G4 –Germany, Japan, India and Brazil – seems to st More

During the past two decades, many states and groups of states have offered proposals for structural reforms in the UN Security Council. Some proposals seek to increase the number of permanent members of the Council. The G4 –Germany, Japan, India and Brazil – seems to stand a better chance in this regard. This paper discusses special opportunities for permanent membership of this group in the Security Council while considering challenges facing it. All four countries enjoy comparative advantages in their own geographical regions which give them the chance to seek a permanent seat in the Security Council. On the other hand, they face two kinds of obstacles: regional and international obstacles. For some of these states, overcoming regional obstacles is more difficult than international ones and the opposite is true for others. This research aims to answer this question: What are the opportunities and challenges facing member states of this group in their effort to gain permanent seats in the Security Council? First, the necessity of structural reforms in the Security Council is discussed before analyzing the situation of these states and future outlook of the Council’s structure in the light of the existing situation of the international system Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Mechanisms and Function of Transitional Justice: An Important Development in International Law
مهدی ذاکریان سيد‌رضي عمادي

The concept of justice has been always among the most important concepts in domestic and international systems and great efforts have been made to administer it in both areas, especially after the World War II. Nonetheless, in most cases, justice has not been administer More

The concept of justice has been always among the most important concepts in domestic and international systems and great efforts have been made to administer it in both areas, especially after the World War II. Nonetheless, in most cases, justice has not been administered to leaders, especially in the Third World countries. The leaders and statesmen in these countries have never been held accountable for their inhuman acts which violate human rights as a result of their special position and by taking undue advantage of the concept of immunity. Since 2002, the Statute of the International Criminal Court has become binding for its Member States and this has been a major development in the administration of justice, especially with regard to political leaders with immunity and has paved the way for discussing the concept of transitional justice. The present article aims to expound the concept of transitional justice, its conditions, goals and mechanisms, as well as the impact of its enforcement on the restoration of peace and stability in transitional societies. The main argument of the article is that enforcement of transitional justice in transitional societies, especially by taking advantage of a combination of domestic and international courts, including the International Criminal Court, can pave the way for the restoration of calm and stability to transitional societies while sending a message to other totalitarian leaders who violate human rights. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - Major Powers and International Organizations; An Assessment of Developments in the Post-Cold War Era
سید محمدکاظم سجادپور

International organizations, as an outcome of actions and reactions in international politics, law and community since their very inception in the Twentieth Century, have always been significantly susceptible to the impact of the relations among major powers. The critic More

International organizations, as an outcome of actions and reactions in international politics, law and community since their very inception in the Twentieth Century, have always been significantly susceptible to the impact of the relations among major powers. The critical impact of these powers on the dynamism and efficiency of international organizations has not been in doubt. This has also been the case during the post-Cold War era. This paper undertakes to assess the impact of the relations among major powers on international organizations in the period following the end of the Cold War? To answer this question, a conceptual framework for understanding developments in international organizations has been offered first. Then, changes in relations among major powers since the end of the Cold War have been discussed. And finally, the paper has turned to the assessment of the qualitative and quantitative developments in international organizations from the vantage point of relations among the major powers. As argued in the paper, changes in the quality of relations among the major powers in the post-Cold War era have ushered both horizontal and vertical development in international organizations, especially when compared to previous eras, and have as a consequence led them to play a more important role in international relations. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - International Responsibility of OPCW to Foster Peaceful Cooperation
شاهرخ شاکریان

The Chemical Weapons Convention, adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1992, constitutes the most important international legal instrument on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction. The present pa More

The Chemical Weapons Convention, adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1992, constitutes the most important international legal instrument on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction. The present paper intends to explore the commitment of the Convention to fostering peaceful chemical cooperation as envisioned in Articles 8 and 11, and also to assess the international responsibility of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW). Therefore, the main question of this paper is: “Under what conditions and according to what principles can this Organization be held responsible with regard to its commitment to fostering peaceful international cooperation in the field of chemical activities?” As discussed in this paper, according to the provisions of Article 11 of the Convention, the Organization is under definitive obligations to bolster international cooperation. The paper also shows that the measures taken by the Australia Group, whose members are also Member States of the OPCW, in expanding prohibitions and restrictions of the Convention are incompatible with the provisions of the Convention and, therefore, its members are in violation of the Convention. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - The Role of International Organizations in the Realization of the Right to Food
Farhad Talaie علی رزمخواه

The right to food, a basic right of every person, is the right to be free from hunger and have sustained access to food with acceptable quantity and quality which would meet their food and cultural needs. Although States are the main parties responsible for the realiz More

The right to food, a basic right of every person, is the right to be free from hunger and have sustained access to food with acceptable quantity and quality which would meet their food and cultural needs. Although States are the main parties responsible for the realization of human rights, both at domestic and international levels, increased activities of international organizations on an international scale, especially in the field of human rights, have raised questions as to the role of these organizations in realizing the human right to food and how they discharge that role. As argued in this paper, international organizations play an effective and unique role in the realization of the right to food at the international level. It is also noted that such international bodies address different aspects of the various issues related to the right to food. The paper concludes that the main goal of such activities is to realize the human right to food, especially for the poor people suffering the worst from unfavorable food security in the world. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - Climate Change and Environmental Security in Southeast Asia; Exploring ASEAN Activities

The main goal of this paper is to discuss measures taken by the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) with regard to climate change. Therefore, a descriptive-analytical method has been used to answer the main question of the paper: What effective practical step More

The main goal of this paper is to discuss measures taken by the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) with regard to climate change. Therefore, a descriptive-analytical method has been used to answer the main question of the paper: What effective practical steps has ASEAN taken with regard to the climate change? To answer this question, the paper has been prepared in five sections. The first section reviews the concept of security in international relations and a broader definition of this concept has been provided. In the second section, environmental security has been discussed as one of the main aspects of security in international relations. In the third section, the focus is on the climate change as a threat to environmental security. The fourth chapter discusses risks of climate change in Southeast Asia. The fifth section reviews measures taken by ASEAN with regard to climate change by dividing those measures in two broad categories of normative policymaking as well as institutional and organizational development. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - Developmental Changes of Selected Countries in Iran's 20-Year Perspective Plan Region and Regional Economic Convergence
Mirabdollah Hosseini بهرام امیراحمدیان

Iran’s 20-Year Vision, a major document and roadmap for the long-term overall development of the country, was adopted a few years ago. The Vision contains, among others, comparisons with the performance of a select group of countries in the region. As discussed in the p More

Iran’s 20-Year Vision, a major document and roadmap for the long-term overall development of the country, was adopted a few years ago. The Vision contains, among others, comparisons with the performance of a select group of countries in the region. As discussed in the present paper, a number of regional countries have achieved in recent years rapid developmental changes in various fields of infrastructure, real economy, environment, and foreign economic relations, especially with regard to foreign investment attraction. These developments have faced most regional countries, especially Iran, with challenges and opportunities. The authors argue in the paper that if Iran fails to make due progress in these fields, it will not only fail to achieve the objectives of the 20-Year Vision, but it will also risk widening of the historical developmental gap which exists between regional and international players. The present paper aims to expound developmental changes in a select group of countries in the region and also compare Iran’s performance with those countries in terms of opportunities, threats and challenges. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

13 - Dimensions, Consequences, and Challenges of Turkey’s EU Membership
بهروز مختاری keyhan bazegar

This paper discusses the challenges Turkey has faced in its bid for accession to the European Union (EU) membership. As argued here, two independent variables; namely, identity and economic incongruity, have confronted Turkey’s endeavor with certain serious challenges More

This paper discusses the challenges Turkey has faced in its bid for accession to the European Union (EU) membership. As argued here, two independent variables; namely, identity and economic incongruity, have confronted Turkey’s endeavor with certain serious challenges. To test this hypothesis, the authors explain the EU’s approach to the question of membership through theories of constructivism and economic liberalism. As discussed in the paper, the major challenges faced by Turkey in this process stem from the peculiar characteristics of power and political structure in the country, including the Islamic heritage and identity, incomplete democratization as embodied in a semi-democratic political structure, and also the developing nature of the economy. The paper concludes that as long as these characteristics persist, Turkey will have a hard row to hoe for the accession to the European Union. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

14 - Conflict of Interests in International Arbitration with Emphasis on IBA Guidelines
مهدی فلاح همایون مافی

Lack of adequate transparency and uniformity in application of the existing criteria of international arbitration, and existence of conflicting interests in international arbitration, have led the International Bar Association (IBA) to launch a range of practical and su More

Lack of adequate transparency and uniformity in application of the existing criteria of international arbitration, and existence of conflicting interests in international arbitration, have led the International Bar Association (IBA) to launch a range of practical and substantive recommendations known as “IBA Guidelines on Conflicts of Interest in International Arbitration.” The present paper tries to look into the performance and achievements of the IBA Guidelines, especially when compared to other bodies of arbitration rules and regulations? The paper argues that although the Guidelines are not in tune with other rules of arbitration with respect to certain issues such as imposing restrictions on subjective standard of disclosure, the impact of non-disclosure, and the effect of the investigations on the arbiter’s decision, they can still blaze a new trail which could lead to a higher level of coordination among various procedures of international arbitration. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

15 - Comparative Study of UNSC’s Performance vis-à-vis Developments in Libya, Yemen and Bahrain (2011-12) from Viewpoint of International Law
رضا موسی‌زاده رضا رنجبر

M.A in Diplomacy and International Organizations, Majoring in International Law, Faculty of International Relations; Ministry of Foreign Affairs Recent developments in Arab countries started in December 2010 with popular protests by Tunisian people against the country’ More

M.A in Diplomacy and International Organizations, Majoring in International Law, Faculty of International Relations; Ministry of Foreign Affairs Recent developments in Arab countries started in December 2010 with popular protests by Tunisian people against the country’s dictatorship and soon spread to other countries like Egypt, Libya, Yemen, Bahrain, Syria, Jordan, Morocco, and Saudi Arabia. In Egypt, Libya and Yemen, they overthrew dictators in those countries. In other countries like Bahrain and Syria, the conflicts are still going on. This phenomenon can be viewed from various political, social and legal aspects. The present research aims to study measures taken by the United Nations Security Council vis-à-vis developments in Libya, Yemen and Bahrain from a legal standpoint. The researchers believe that the Security Council has adopted double standards in its treatment of those countries in line with the interests of big powers. This issue will become clearer through comparative study of the world body’s performance with regard to developments in those countries. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

16 - US Congress and UN Reforms
سیدعلی طباطبایی ناهید فراهانی

The US Congress is the most influential institution regulating the American leaders’ approach to the UN and plays an important role in shaping the country’s policies toward the UN. Some congress members believe that due to unique position of the US at global level and i More

The US Congress is the most influential institution regulating the American leaders’ approach to the UN and plays an important role in shaping the country’s policies toward the UN. Some congress members believe that due to unique position of the US at global level and in the UN, it should play a determining part in the UN decision-making process. Since the increasing membership dues (assessed contribution to UN) of the US is approved by the Congress, it is clear why administrative and budgetary reforms in the UN are a priority for the US government and Congress. So far, many laws have been approved on the UN reforms. Some Congress members believe that these laws have helped the US to achieve its goals in the UN Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

17 - Territory of Greater Iran, Good Ground for Regional Arrangement
علی زینی وند

The preset paper discusses major components of a new regional arrangement within the cultural territory of greater Iran. It represents an effort to explore both elements of convergence that make up a regional arrangement, and the elements of divergence that disturb it. More

The preset paper discusses major components of a new regional arrangement within the cultural territory of greater Iran. It represents an effort to explore both elements of convergence that make up a regional arrangement, and the elements of divergence that disturb it. Three common factors that have been identified and assessed include: a. territorial unity, b. common history and destiny, and c. common culture and cultural factors. It seems that if players in this region cooperated, unifying variables in the territory of greater Iran would be able to turn it into a prosperous and powerful region in all fields. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

18 - OPCW Responsibility vis-à-vis Breaches of Confidentiality by its Staff
محسن نذیری اصل

The Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) is among few intergovernmental bodies in the field of disarmament, which despite wide access of members of its secretariat to information on chemical activities of member states, takes advantage of a differ More

The Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) is among few intergovernmental bodies in the field of disarmament, which despite wide access of members of its secretariat to information on chemical activities of member states, takes advantage of a different regime, compared to other international organizations, with regard to confidential affairs, especially regulations related to violations of the secretariat staff and responsibility of this international organization with regard to their violations. The main question of this paper is whether the regime governing breach of confidentiality related to Chemical Weapons Convention is different from regulations related to common international law, and whether the contents of this Convention especially that related to breaches or alleged breaches of confidentiality (Para. 22, Section D of the Annexes) can exonerate the secretariat staff of the OPCW? The author hypothesizes that regulations of the Chemical Weapons Convention constitute a big part of the rules and principles of international law, and the confidentiality regime of the OPCW as well as liability resulting from breach of these regulations is a function of this regime. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

19 - Revisiting SCO According to 3rd Generation of Regionalism Theories
محسن خلیلی معصومه زارعی‌هدک

Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) is a regional organization established to build confidence among member states; fight terrorism, religious extremism and separatism; and to counteract the United States unilateralism in international system. China, Russia, and Cen More

Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) is a regional organization established to build confidence among member states; fight terrorism, religious extremism and separatism; and to counteract the United States unilateralism in international system. China, Russia, and Central Asian countries (except Turkmenistan) are its members with Iran, India, Pakistan and Mongolia being observers. Shanghai Cooperation Organization is part of convergence process in Asia, but it was established under conditions different from regionalism in Asia. Regionalism in Asia can be explained within three generations of theories, including hegemonic regionalism, independent regionalism, and modern regionalism. This paper redefines SCO according to third-generation theories of regionalism. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

20 - Iran's Energy Geopolitics and EU’s Approach
سیدشمس‌الدین صادقی

Since the common denominator among EU members is increasing dependence on imported oil and gas, security of energy supply is a major concern for the European Union. When assured about security and effectiveness of energy market, those countries will be able to continue More

Since the common denominator among EU members is increasing dependence on imported oil and gas, security of energy supply is a major concern for the European Union. When assured about security and effectiveness of energy market, those countries will be able to continue increasing consumption of energy. However, the rising energy price, especially with regard to natural gas, has led to questions about future situation of energy supply security for the EU members. Therefore, this paper first focuses on the rising demand for gas and the risks of overdependence of the EU members on gas supply from Russian Gazprom Company, which may lead to repetition of Ukraine experience and the international gas crisis in 2006 and 2009. It then analyzes geopolitical and international aspects of future energy supply security for the EU and strategic plans developed by its members to handle these challenges. In conclusion, the paper introduces Iran as a good alternative source for ensuring energy security of the EU due to its geoeconomic conditions. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

21 - Iran's Energy Geopolitics and EU’s Approach
آرمین امینی الهام حسین‌خانی

Since the common denominator among EU members is increasing dependence on imported oil and gas, security of energy supply is a major concern for the European Union. When assured about security and effectiveness of energy market, those countries will be able to continue More

Since the common denominator among EU members is increasing dependence on imported oil and gas, security of energy supply is a major concern for the European Union. When assured about security and effectiveness of energy market, those countries will be able to continue increasing consumption of energy. However, the rising energy price, especially with regard to natural gas, has led to questions about future situation of energy supply security for the EU members. Therefore, this paper first focuses on the rising demand for gas and the risks of overdependence of the EU members on gas supply from Russian Gazprom Company, which may lead to repetition of Ukraine experience and the international gas crisis in 2006 and 2009. It then analyzes geopolitical and international aspects of future energy supply security for the EU and strategic plans developed by its members to handle these challenges. In conclusion, the paper introduces Iran as a good alternative source for ensuring energy security of the EU due to its geoeconomic conditions. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

22 - Necessity and Possibility of Judicial Supervision over Security Council’s Performance in UN Legal System
حسین شریفی طرازکوهی ساسان مدرس سبزواری

The issue of judicial supervision over the Security Council has two different, but interrelated aspects. First of all, the “necessity” of such supervision should be discussed. The present article assumes that the Security Council should be committed to the principles of More

The issue of judicial supervision over the Security Council has two different, but interrelated aspects. First of all, the “necessity” of such supervision should be discussed. The present article assumes that the Security Council should be committed to the principles of international law, the goals of the United Nations, sovereign rights of member states, fundamental human rights guarantees, as well as the basic structure for the division of powers among various organs of the UN. Then it studies the Security Council’s procedure to show that this institution has been frequently found in violation of the aforesaid legal bounds. Security Council’s inattention to the limits of its powers can cast doubts on credibility of the entire UN system. It has been also shown that the “necessity” of judicial supervision can be proven on the basis of the requirements of the “rule of law.” Another aspect of this issue is the “possibility” of judicial supervision in view of the current state of international law. The present paper has shown that although the Charter of the United Nations has remained silent on this issue, it can be confirmed if final goals of this document are taken as basis for its interpretation. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

23 - Intervention by Invitation in Domestic Unrest from Viewpoint of International Law with Emphasis on Bahrain Case
فریده شایگان

Intervention by invitation has been always associated with the political objectives which seek to meet the interests of the interventionist state. International community has frequently witnessed such intervention not only during the Cold War era, but even after its ter More

Intervention by invitation has been always associated with the political objectives which seek to meet the interests of the interventionist state. International community has frequently witnessed such intervention not only during the Cold War era, but even after its termination. Although there is no specific rule on this kind of intervention in international law, certain criteria for the assessment of the legitimacy of this intervention can be found in international law. Intervention of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates in Bahrain was accompanied with passive reaction and silence of the Security Council. This paper first studies the criterion that can be used to assess legitimacy of intervention by invitation and then studies the legitimacy of intervention in Bahrain both on the basis of the aforesaid criteria and in accordance with the principle of responsibility to protect. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

24 - Challenges Facing UN for Democratization of Ethnic-Religious Communities(Case study: UN action in Africa following the Cold War)
قدرت احمدیان ندا حیدری

The United Nations is the most important international organization which has been founded to protect peace and security especially in international arena. The UN considers protection of peace and democratization as an effective mechanism to reduce and limit conflicts, More

The United Nations is the most important international organization which has been founded to protect peace and security especially in international arena. The UN considers protection of peace and democratization as an effective mechanism to reduce and limit conflicts, especially in ethnic-religious communities. Following the Cold War, ethic-religious conflicts in Africa have become more intense. Since national governments have been unable to control such conflicts and the conflicts pose a threat to international security, international community has taken action to manage these conflicts. As such, the UN has embarked on democratization of African countries in the form of the second generation of peacekeeping operations. However, despite such efforts, the aforesaid conflicts have not been reduced, but continued unabated. Inefficiency of the UN model for management of conflicts is an important problem. The present research aims to find reasons behind the failure of the UN conflict management model; that is, democratization as a solution for ethnic-religious conflicts in Africa following the Cold War. The present article takes advantage of the theory of institutionalism for the analysis of transition to democracy before discussing reasons behind the failure of the UN action on democratization, failure of democratic rule, and continuation of conflicts in Africa. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

25 - Position of International Organizations in Foreign Policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran
hosien karimifard

The position of international organizations in the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran has differed according to the identity system adopted by the Iranian officials in various periods of time and their viewpoints about the nature and functions of internation More

The position of international organizations in the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran has differed according to the identity system adopted by the Iranian officials in various periods of time and their viewpoints about the nature and functions of international organizations and institutions. Since 1979 up to the present time, the experience has proven that when Iran has had positive interaction with international organizations, it has been in a better position to guarantee its security and national interests, and cooperation with international organizations in different fields has provided Iran's political, economic and cultural diplomacy with opportunities. On the other hand, a confrontational approach to international organizations has created various challenges and problems in various fields for the country and has damaged the international prestige of the Iranian government. This study reviews position of international organizations in the foreign policy of Iran from 1979 to 2003. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

26 - Challenges Facing Security and Defense Policies of EU and US
سعید خالوزاده

The Common Security and Defence Policy of the European Union is one of the challenges facing the NATO and the leading role played by the U.S. The post-Cold War Europe attempted to be less dependent on U.S. and NATO, and to counter American influence on the security arra More

The Common Security and Defence Policy of the European Union is one of the challenges facing the NATO and the leading role played by the U.S. The post-Cold War Europe attempted to be less dependent on U.S. and NATO, and to counter American influence on the security arrangements of the Old Continent. In a post-Cold War world, Europeans have been seeking a multipolar international order with increasing power and balanced strengthening of the role played by influential countries within the international system while supporting the liberal hegemony bestowed on the Americans. The United States believed in a hegemonic order through unipolar order based on multilateralism. The main question of this article is what are the common challenges facing the US and EU policies with regard to security and defense structure in Europe as well as regional issues? What is their approach in dealing with those issues? After discussing the theoretical framework of the topic, the paper would focus on challenges facing the U.S. and the E.U. defines and security policies from a hegemonic liberalism perspective and rejection of U.S. unilateral hegemony. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

27 - Impact of Cooperation and Competition of Shanghai’s Members on its Goals and Performance: 2001- 2013
reza simbar مهدی هدایتی شهیدانی

The power vacuum within the Central Asia in the aftermath of the Cold War led the regional actors to create an integrative structure. Establishment of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) signifies the sensitivity and determination of its founding members towards More

The power vacuum within the Central Asia in the aftermath of the Cold War led the regional actors to create an integrative structure. Establishment of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) signifies the sensitivity and determination of its founding members towards international, regional and local issues. The inherent rivalry and conflict in facing security crisis within the cooperative framework of SCO was the natural result of the presence of two nuclear and economic power, Russia and China, alongside micro-actors. This paper explains the nature of the communication system governing the relations among SCO members through the regional security arrangements approach. The hypothesis that “gathering of various approaches within the SCO would lead to increased cooperative relations, but also competetive and interest-maximiser” will be tested against various historical, geopolitical and economic variables. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

28 - International Organization and Global Governance Thomas G. Weiss and Rorden Wilkinson (eds) )
Nasrin Mosaffa

Manuscript profile

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29 - A Constructivist Study of International Organizations

A Constructivist Study of International Organizations Homeira Moshirzadeh Associate Professor of International Relations, Faculty of Law and Political Science; Tehran University Theoretical attitudes to international organizations provide a basis for presenting s More

A Constructivist Study of International Organizations Homeira Moshirzadeh Associate Professor of International Relations, Faculty of Law and Political Science; Tehran University Theoretical attitudes to international organizations provide a basis for presenting suitable questions and meaningful and systematic research. Constructivist approach as an analytical and conceptual framework, is a suitable basis for studying international organizations. This article while focusing on the theoretical foundations of constructivism and its research plan indicates that how this approach can guide research on international organizations. Constructivism can pave the way for further research on international organizations, given the issues such as interrelationship between agent and structure, inter subjectivity, relationship between rules and leadership, rule-setting, reproducing and changing rules, identity-building and organizational culture. This article shows that how some of these research possibilities have been exploited in research projects and what subjects could be explored in studying international organizations. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

30 - A Constructivist Study of International Organizations and Research Possibilities
Homeira Moshirzadeh

A Constructivist Study of International Organizations Homeira Moshirzadeh Associate Professor of International Relations, Faculty of Law and Political Science; Tehran University Theoretical attitudes to international organizations provide a basis for presenting s More

A Constructivist Study of International Organizations Homeira Moshirzadeh Associate Professor of International Relations, Faculty of Law and Political Science; Tehran University Theoretical attitudes to international organizations provide a basis for presenting suitable questions and meaningful and systematic research. Constructivist approach as an analytical and conceptual framework, is a suitable basis for studying international organizations. This article while focusing on the theoretical foundations of constructivism and its research plan indicates that how this approach can guide research on international organizations. Constructivism can pave the way for further research on international organizations, given the issues such as interrelationship between agent and structure, inter subjectivity, relationship between rules and leadership, rule-setting, reproducing and changing rules, identity-building and organizational culture. This article shows that how some of these research possibilities have been exploited in research projects and what subjects could be explored in studying international organizations. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

31 - Contending Theories and the Analysis of International Organizations and Institutions, Peace, Security and Justice
Seyed Abdolali ghavam Samira Mohseni

The analysis of international organizations and institutions, peace, security and justice based on contending theories, in different ontological, epistemological and methodological frameworks, can help us to achieve a better understanding of the concept of international More

The analysis of international organizations and institutions, peace, security and justice based on contending theories, in different ontological, epistemological and methodological frameworks, can help us to achieve a better understanding of the concept of international relations and demonstrates a more realistic picture of international institutions, processes and events. Obviously, the precise analysis of phenomena and events largely depends on the above strengths and weaknesses of mainstream and critical theories in explaining the above mentioned concepts Manuscript profile

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32 - The Role and Status of Developing Countries in the IMF in the Aftermath of Global Financial Crisis of 2008
Sohrab Shahabi Hassan Shahbeig

The global financial crisis of 2008 has had many effects on different global issues, especially on international monetary management. These effects manifested themselves in applying some reforms in governance, borrowing system and monetary resources of the International More

The global financial crisis of 2008 has had many effects on different global issues, especially on international monetary management. These effects manifested themselves in applying some reforms in governance, borrowing system and monetary resources of the International Monetary Fund. Considering the importance of developing countries in this system, and because of the measures being taken to respond to the consequences of the crisis, this article is going to depict the place and role of such countries in the post-crisis IMF.Therefore, while explaining the crisis of 2008 by a descriptive-analytical method and its different global consequences, we study the post crisis developments in the IMF. Then, by analysing the envisioned reforms in the system by developing countries and illustrating different situations regarding the financial independence of the IMF, we examine the position of developing countries in global economic management system and their approaches toward international monetary management. The analysis of the post-crisis measures shows us that the reforms in IMF have not made substantial changes in the favour of developing countries and in the process mostly some emerging economies have gained a better position Manuscript profile

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33 - ANZUS Treaty: Past and Future
Nasrin Mosaffa Ahmad Heidarbeigi

The Security treaty concluded by Australia, New Zealand and the United States (ANZUS) in September 1951 in San Francisco with the aim of ensurity securing in the Pacific. Issues such as the expansion of communism in Southeast Asia, potential threat by Japan's military p More

The Security treaty concluded by Australia, New Zealand and the United States (ANZUS) in September 1951 in San Francisco with the aim of ensurity securing in the Pacific. Issues such as the expansion of communism in Southeast Asia, potential threat by Japan's military power, and constitutional crises prevalent in the new independent countries were posing a threat for regional security following the World War II. The main question discussed by this article is about the survival of this treaty even after the end of the Cold War, Generally, this treaty has based its strategy on confronting hegemonic policies pursued by China, Russia and facing potential threats posed by them or increasing influence exerted by them in the Pacific region Manuscript profile

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34 - The Necessity of Power Sharing in the Security Council: A Pluralistic Model
Enayatollah Yazadani Enayatollah Yazadani

During the early years fllowing the Second World War, power sharing in the Security Council, the main responsible for maintaining international peace and security was to some extent equitable, given the Political, economic, military and demographic power of its five per More

During the early years fllowing the Second World War, power sharing in the Security Council, the main responsible for maintaining international peace and security was to some extent equitable, given the Political, economic, military and demographic power of its five permanent members and their efforts to from the UN system. With the passage of time and given fundamental changes in the form and straucture of international system, and trasfor mation in the relative power of countries including the permanent members of Security Council, it seems that the present order governing the structure of the Council is unfair and undemocratic which necessitates a reform in the structure of the Security Council by incorporating influential global and regional powers. This article aims to present a pluralistic model to reform the structure of the Security Council, given the emergence of new global and regional powers Manuscript profile

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35 - The United States of America and the International Criminal Court in Barack Obama Period: An Abstention or a Possibility
رضا موسی‌زاده Hadi Golriz

The relationship between the United States and the International Criminal Court is a combination of confrontation and tension in various aspects, including legal considerations, political, national and security concerns and strategic interests. The existing tensions in More

The relationship between the United States and the International Criminal Court is a combination of confrontation and tension in various aspects, including legal considerations, political, national and security concerns and strategic interests. The existing tensions in relationship with the International Criminal Court have accentuated at some points and the United States has actively challenged the Court's existence. However, the challenges didn’t last for a long time, and at the end of George W. Bush’s presidency– recognizing the inherent values and potentialities of creating an International Criminal Court and the necessity to keep it– confrontations and tensions faded in favor of a constructive interaction. In the years which passed– especially during the administration of Barack Obama– the attitudes and the positions of the US towards the International Criminal Court have experienced a fundamental and comprehensive change and the United States is trying to compensate for the past measures, and to increase the interactions and cooperation with the International Criminal Court and to recognize its existence and capacity as an important international judicial institution in prosecuting the international violent crimes and to restart the relations with the International Criminal Court. Manuscript profile

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36 - Strategies and Components of EU Common Trade Policy
Ali Sabbaghian Ebrahim Bagheri

The European Union accounts for 19.7 percent of global trade in 2014. The EU with €1794 billion imports and €1687 billion of exports as well as absorbing some €523 billion foreign direct investments, the EU has gained the first position in these matters. The EU perfor More

The European Union accounts for 19.7 percent of global trade in 2014. The EU with €1794 billion imports and €1687 billion of exports as well as absorbing some €523 billion foreign direct investments, the EU has gained the first position in these matters. The EU performs this large volume of trade in the framework of a special regulatory policy called the Common Trade Policy of the European Union. Now that the EU has been transformed into the world's largest trading power, we might ask what is the strategy of EU trade policy? What set of tools are being used to move it forward and what are its decision-making structures and mechanisms? And what are the main objectives of this policy? Given the importance of knowing the dimensions of the Europe Union's trade policy for the Islamic Republic of Iran, which is one of the EU’s trade partners, this article seeks to identify and analyze the implementation of the EU common trade policy mechanism and its various aspects. by discussing the answers to the above questions This article is a descriptive analysis and makes use of inferential research methodology to reach its objectives. Manuscript profile

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38 - Hidden Veto and Its Impact on Decision-Making Process in the Security Council
رضا موسی‌زاده Arsalan Jamshidi

This study provides a comprehensive insight and information about the concept of the right of veto and its various kinds, which practically have been formed in the procedure of the UN Security Council, and by focusing on concept of “the hidden veto”, it examines its fun More

This study provides a comprehensive insight and information about the concept of the right of veto and its various kinds, which practically have been formed in the procedure of the UN Security Council, and by focusing on concept of “the hidden veto”, it examines its fundamental role in decision-making process of the Security Council. In the Post-Cold War era, the use of the hidden veto, mainly in the informal consultations, by the permanent members of the Security Council has increased dramatically. The hidden veto has shown its impact on the Security Council’s decision-making process in two two ways: First, by “controlling the agenda” and preventing the Security Council from putting particular issues on its agenda or in other words “exercising the five permanent members of the Security Council’s censorship”; and second, by “blocking action” in cases in which an unwanted issue is put on the agenda of the Security Council bringing forward some issues such as “weakening the definition of the crisis under international law”, “eliminating content, softening the language and weakening the wording of resolutions”, “self-censorship and the double hidden veto”, and “the reverse veto”. Manuscript profile

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39 - An Evaluation of the UN's Human Rights and Demand-Oriented Approach to Counter Narcotics Policies
Esmaeil Baghaeihamaneh Ali Ghasemifard

The UN has initiated a demand-oriented approach regarding narcotics and simultaneously has adopted supply-oriented policy, since 1989. This initiative is considered to be the result of some adverse consequences of coercive approaches toward the supply of narcotics. In t More

The UN has initiated a demand-oriented approach regarding narcotics and simultaneously has adopted supply-oriented policy, since 1989. This initiative is considered to be the result of some adverse consequences of coercive approaches toward the supply of narcotics. In this regard, this article aims to study the reasons of failure of the supply-oriented approach, and then to describe the elements of the demand-oriented approach of UN regarding narcotics, by using a bibliographical analysis as well as studying the UN orientations and approaches of UN regarding narcotics. The results of the supply-oriented approach to counter narcotics is considered unfavorable, and in some cases wholly adversarial to the objectives. By considering the increasing importance of human rights literature in the world, in general, and in the UN in particular, the scope of countering narcotics is now considered to be overshadowed by human rights, which consequently affected the UN approach to counter narcotics. Manuscript profile

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40 - The Status of OIC Member States in the Main Organs of the United Nations
ستار عزیزی

The study of the status of OIC member states in the main organs of the United Nations and their contribution in the budget of the UN is the main subject addressed by this article. The member states of OIC make up more than a quarter of UN members and they could potentia More

The study of the status of OIC member states in the main organs of the United Nations and their contribution in the budget of the UN is the main subject addressed by this article. The member states of OIC make up more than a quarter of UN members and they could potentially have an appropriate role and influence in this organization. The evaluation of the presence of Islamic countries during more than 70 years of United Nations activities show that their presence and role in some main organs such as the International Court of Justice, the UN Secretary General and the Security Council are not commensurate with the population and the size of these countries. On the other hand, however, 57 Islamic countries totally account for only about 6 percent of the budget of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation Organization 173 United Nations member states in 2016 provided 15 percent of the budget of this organization, this percentage is significant. The major weakness of Islamic countries is that they do not participate as a single whole in competition for positions or in other activities of the organization but they pursue their own particular interests within the OIC individual or group outside of the OIC to follow. Manuscript profile

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41 - An Analysis of the Political-Security Integration of the European Union within the Framework of Realist Approaches
Seyed Davood Aghaee Yasser Nooralivand Ebrahim Bagheri

The entrance of the European Union as a supranational actor into the field of political-security issues is a rare occurrence that has challenged realism as the most important state-centered theory in the international arena. Therefore, since the theory of realism as the More

The entrance of the European Union as a supranational actor into the field of political-security issues is a rare occurrence that has challenged realism as the most important state-centered theory in the international arena. Therefore, since the theory of realism as the main theory in the field of security issues does not recognize any role for non-state actors in this field, the question is brought forward that how do this theory and its various branches analyze and evaluate the actions and role of the European Union regarding political-security issues? In response, it can be said that this theory, at first, did not pay enough attention to the EU's security developments, due to the fact that it did not consider the EU a non-state actor, but as the EU began to formulate a common foreign and security policy and European security and defense policy and to establish European rapid reaction forces, it was forced to present some views in this regard. Although all branches of realism, due to their belief in the monopoly of state actors in the international arena, and their emphasis on elements such as national interests and national sovereignty, do not provide a clear-cut view on the political and security integration of the European Union, defensive neo-realists have a clearer and more optimistic view on the evolution of political and security integration at the EU level, due to the importance attached by them to the role of institutions in establishing security cooperation between states. Manuscript profile

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42 - Prerequisites for the Introduction of Regional Arrangements to Maintain International Peace and Security
علی احدی کرنق Mehdi Hadadi

Regional arrangements which are covering a wide range of international institutions, despite some criticisms, were foreseen both in the League of Nations and the United Nations system in order that their capacity to be used to maintain international peace and security. More

Regional arrangements which are covering a wide range of international institutions, despite some criticisms, were foreseen both in the League of Nations and the United Nations system in order that their capacity to be used to maintain international peace and security. Accordingly, Chapter 8 of the United Nations Charter, while emphasizing the involvement of regional arrangements for the maintenance of regional peace and security, has laid down conditions and limits for their involvement. This article while paying attention to the role of regional arrangements in international peace and security, addresses the most important conditions and limits of these arrangements stipulated in the 8th chapter of the Charter. These conditions include: 1. Observance of the principles and objectives of the Charter: this is a condition for the coordination of the United Nations and regional arrangements for maintaining peace and security. 2. Enjoying the mechanism of the resolution of disputes: this condition suggests correspondence between the 6th and 7th chapters of the Charter of the United Nations, on the one hand, and the 8th chapter of the Charter. 3. Obtaining permission from the Security Council to take coercive measures: this condition is based on the primary responsibility of the Security Council for the maintenance of international peace and security. 4. Informing the Security Council: this condition is a complement to the previous condition. Manuscript profile

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43 - Change in Environmental Security in the Post-Cold War International Law
Seyed Abdolali ghavam Seyedeh Massoumeh Mostafavi

Today, environment as a bedrock for human prosperity, is considered one of the most important concerns for the international society and gradually has gained importance in the framework of security issues. Environmental international law is one of the emerging branche More

Today, environment as a bedrock for human prosperity, is considered one of the most important concerns for the international society and gradually has gained importance in the framework of security issues. Environmental international law is one of the emerging branches of international law system which has been built upon soft law, that is a kind of law created based on declarations, manifestations, executive principles, etc, which lacks any firm legal sanctions. This article studies the commitments of contracting states sharing in light of changer in agricultural and environmental international law system along these lines, the most important agreements and international conferences regarding environmental security in the post-cold war era, including convention on Biological Diversity (Rio 1992), Protocol on Biological Security (Nairobi 2000s), the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (New York 1992) and Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (Stockholm 2001) have been examined. The findings show that in spite of the spectacular development of international law regarding the protection of environment in recent decades, the environmental damage’s compensation international law Manuscript profile

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44 - Iran's Approach to Non-Aligned Movement
hadi torki rsalan ghorbani torkneshin

The Islamic Republic of Iran can fulfill part of its foreign policy goals through interaction with international institutions. Perhaps, the Non- Aligned Movement (NAM) does not fit into an international organization, and its binding aspects are weak, but given the numbe More

The Islamic Republic of Iran can fulfill part of its foreign policy goals through interaction with international institutions. Perhaps, the Non- Aligned Movement (NAM) does not fit into an international organization, and its binding aspects are weak, but given the number of its members, its ideals and goals on the one hand, and the impact of international institutions in the modern age, on the other hand, it enjoys a wide range and many of its goals are in line with Iran's policies. This article by considering the theory of "neo-liberal institutionalism" which suggests that the international system is anarchic, states are effective and rational actors as well as international institutions have an independent identity, seeks to understand the nature of approach taken by Iran towards the NAM in the international system. In fact, it is a comparative between principles and objectives of Iran's macro policies and those of the NAM. Therefore, one of the most important relations of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the NAM is the negation of imperialism and domination, sovereign equality of states, equality of nations, respect for human rights and the right to self-determination. Manuscript profile

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45 - A Comparative Study of Iran's Social Security Law in the Field of Women's Rights with the Documents of International Labour Organization
Fatemeh Sarreshteh Izadmouoa

Governments have always paid attention to international rules and documents and try to incorporate them as much as possible in their domestic laws and policies. Along these lines, this article tries to study working women's rights from the viewpoint of the Iran's Social More

Governments have always paid attention to international rules and documents and try to incorporate them as much as possible in their domestic laws and policies. Along these lines, this article tries to study working women's rights from the viewpoint of the Iran's Social Security Law in comparison with the International Labor Organization's documents. The key question of this article is that "to what extent Iranian laws, especially its social security law regarding women, are compatible with International Labor Organization's documents?" To answer this question, the authors indicate that "in article 20 of the I.R. Iran's Constitution, women enjoy all human rights, specifically the right to social security on equal terms with men in compliance with Islamic criteria. In public law as well as in social security law, gender has no place and its subject is every individual as a human being. The findings of this research show that social security law being influenced by the constitutional and civil laws in some social security services is consistent with International Labor Organization's documents and in some other, is incompatible with them. Manuscript profile

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46 - An analysis of the United Nations' Response to Drug Supply in Its Documents and Conventions
Mohammad Hassan Sheikhoeslami Ali Ghasemifard

Throughout the world, drug trafficking was considered legal until the nineteenth century. Early in the twentieth century, the international community became aware of the destructive power of these materials in human societies, witnessing the first massive efforts to res More

Throughout the world, drug trafficking was considered legal until the nineteenth century. Early in the twentieth century, the international community became aware of the destructive power of these materials in human societies, witnessing the first massive efforts to restrict the purchase and sale of narcotics in the world. Subsequently, and before the United Nations was formed, several other international conventions were concluded in the field of counter-narcotics. With the formation of the United Nations in 1945, the process of counter-narcotics has become more coherent, the main feature of which is the fight against the supply of narcotics. In this article, the authors by using the method of library research try to answer the question that which approaches the United Nations has adopted since its inception to fight against narcotics and what are their main components. By reviewing and analyzing the UN conventions, documents, and resolutions in the field of counter-narcotics, the authors conclude that the United Nations' approach until the 1980s was a violent, rigorous approach which was focused on the supply-side. After this decade, the United Nations' approach has slowly shifted away from this approach to adopt an approach which is focused on the demand-side. Manuscript profile

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47 - NATO and Syrian Crisis: Crisis Management or Non- Intervention
Maryam Ebadi Yousof Molaei

Crises are an integral part of the international system. Even during the Cold War that was expected there was a peaceful world, we witnessed many crises. Therefore, crisis management aiming at preventing the intensification and expansion of crises has taken a significan More

Crises are an integral part of the international system. Even during the Cold War that was expected there was a peaceful world, we witnessed many crises. Therefore, crisis management aiming at preventing the intensification and expansion of crises has taken a significant importance. When crises occur, some actions are taken by effective actors including states and organizations such as NATO. NATO has tried to define crisis management functions for itself to maintain it survival. Its cooperation with the Security Council in accordance with the chapter eight of the Charter and its role in various crises were in the same direction. However, its failure to play a role in the Syrian crisis raises the question that which factors influence it in playing a role in the crises. In response to this question, the author makes the hypothesis that the role of NATO in crisis has been affected by past experience and the policies of great power. The findings of this research indicates that limited achievements, the costs of previous interventions, the requirement to obtain a permit from the UN Security Council for intervention and obstacles in its way have led that NATO adopts a policy of non-intervention in this crisis and don't play an active role in crisis management. Manuscript profile

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48 - A Study of Preparatory Commission in International Law
Farhad Derhami

Since the conclusion of an international organization’s statute until its enforcement and establishing a new organization, many necessary measures should be done in order to prepare conditions for its immediate and effective operation upon its creation. Usually, it’s a More

Since the conclusion of an international organization’s statute until its enforcement and establishing a new organization, many necessary measures should be done in order to prepare conditions for its immediate and effective operation upon its creation. Usually, it’s a preparatory commission’s duty to prepare those conditions. However, given little attention paid to the status of preparatory commissions in international law, questions may be posed such as how they are created, what are their tasks and what powers they enjoy, weather a preparatory commission is a subsidiary organ of the new organization or it has a legal personality of its own. This article aims at examining above -mentioned issues in light of current international practice and steps taken towards the creation of several important international organizations. Manuscript profile

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49 - The Role of Strategic Language in the Interpretation of International Legal Texts and instruments
Ali Mashhadi Seyed Mohammad Hoosein Mirzadeh

Nowadays, strategic using of language in the interpretation of texts and instruments in international law has been examined by the scholars of interdisciplinary studies. Along these lines, we can consider the usefulness of cognitive - pragmatic framing in studying legal More

Nowadays, strategic using of language in the interpretation of texts and instruments in international law has been examined by the scholars of interdisciplinary studies. Along these lines, we can consider the usefulness of cognitive - pragmatic framing in studying legal interpretation. In cognitive framing, the question is that whether there is any relationship between strategic studies and international law texts. This article while examining this question claims that cognitive framing and strategic use of language have to do with how documents in international law are interpreted. For instance, the term “liberalization” stands for “military intervention” or "border wall" is used instead of "security fence". The strategic use of language shows that states are able to imply positive or negative framings to the minds of their audience and influence the interpretation of international legal texts and instruments. Manuscript profile

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50 - Paris climate change conference and its impact on international Cooperation
Hadi Ajili Askari

Paris Climate Conference was held in a different manner related to the previous ones. The difference was in determining countries pledges. In this conference states themselves determined their share of mitigation of greenhouse gases. In previous conferences pledges were More

Paris Climate Conference was held in a different manner related to the previous ones. The difference was in determining countries pledges. In this conference states themselves determined their share of mitigation of greenhouse gases. In previous conferences pledges were determined through a top down procedure which was not adequate and also parties were not able to fulfill them. But in Paris conference a bottom up procedure was used that helped countries to take pledges, based on their condition and abilities, they are able to fulfill them. The purpose of this research is to answer this question that how Paris climate conference affects international cooperation? This research suggests that the cooperation in Paris can be a model for cooperation in other international fields. Manuscript profile

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51 - Advance on the European Common Foreign and Security Policy, from Kosovo to Ukraine
Yousef Molaei Issa Adeli

The article seeks to evaluate the progress in the EU common foreign and security policy after the Lisbon treaty in comparison with Maastricht Treaty. Two crises in Eastern Europe have been studied by reviewing the EU’s official documents and ratifications. Ukraine crisi More

The article seeks to evaluate the progress in the EU common foreign and security policy after the Lisbon treaty in comparison with Maastricht Treaty. Two crises in Eastern Europe have been studied by reviewing the EU’s official documents and ratifications. Ukraine crisis occurred five years after the Lisbon treaty, likewise the Kosovo crisis happened five years after the Maastricht treaty. By comparing the EU reaction to these two crises, the achievements can be evaluated. The focus is mainly on restrictive measures like economic and diplomatic sanctions. The study shows that considering all differences, the Ukrainian crisis was a success story and the EU drew a more cohesive and more efficient response. This conclusion was reached by the number of reactions and their efficacy. However, there are some qualifications, especially when positive peace is explored, the outcome did not satisfy the expectations. Manuscript profile

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52 - Evolution in the Pressure Tools of EU’s Human Rights: A case Study of the Generalized System of Preferences

fundamental social values, but also is considered as a reference point for codes, ethics and standards of conduct expected in various international trade and businesses. The EU's behaviors as one of the main political-economic actors of capitalism are fundamental to res More

fundamental social values, but also is considered as a reference point for codes, ethics and standards of conduct expected in various international trade and businesses. The EU's behaviors as one of the main political-economic actors of capitalism are fundamental to respect for human rights. Members of the Union have a long history of using political, military or economic and cultural tools against countries to persuade them to respect for human rights. The main issue of the present study is to examine the evolution of the pressure tools of EU’s human rights and its reflection on the mechanism of the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP). The key question is what evolution has happened to the pressure tools of EU’s human rights? The research hypothesis is that as the EU's human rights pressures take on an economic-political nature, along with the transformations in the world capitalist system. This bloc will try to persuade countries to adhere to global human rights by force and consent. In this vein, the EU uses the mechanism of the GSP as a soft and intelligent consent tool to put pressure on other countries in order to adopt the guidelines of the global human rights system. Manuscript profile

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53 - Feasibility of Economic Convergence in the Persian Gulf and Realizing Requirements
Hemmat Imani

Achieving economic integration, security and sustainable development in the Middle East and the Persian Gulf has suggested as a considerable topic for many international relations' researchers. Reviewing the research literature, it can conclude that the researchers did More

Achieving economic integration, security and sustainable development in the Middle East and the Persian Gulf has suggested as a considerable topic for many international relations' researchers. Reviewing the research literature, it can conclude that the researchers did not provide the same solutions on how to achieve regional convergence in the Persian Gulf. Instead, a variety of analysis, hypotheses and suggestions made in this regard. The study aims on the feasibility of economic integration in the Persian Gulf region (including Iran, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Oman, Kuwait and Bahrain) and the requirements for achieving it. Economic convergence considered as a process that aims to achieve peace, security and sustainable development in the region. Accordingly, the research question would be “How the Gulf States could achieve economic integration in order to achieve peace, security and sustainable development”. In order to achieve peace, security and sustainable development, the research hypothesis the Persian Gulf States should rely on a combination of various economic, political, security, and religious-cultural capacities. Then, overcoming internal, regional and visionary divergent factors must take into account the behavioral requirements of achieving economic and political-security cooperation (in the short and medium term) and economic convergence (in the long-term) in major national decisions as well as their foreign policy approaches. The research methodology, as needed, was a combination of qualitative method based on library documents and quantitative and statistical methods. The findings provide a comprehensive network model for achieving peace, security and sustainable development through economic integration in the Persian Gulf. While rejecting strategic hierarchy model in prioritizing the indicators, the simultaneous and interconnected use of different economic, political, security and religious-cultural components in achieving economic and political-security cooperation in the short and medium-term and economic convergence is proposed for long-term. Manuscript profile

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54 - The international responsibility of states for terrorism and its financing
Baqer Shamloo ahmad mohammadi

In the sphere of international law, governments have an obligation to prevent and combat terrorism related crimes and not to support or sponsor these crimes. A government that directly or indirectly commits, sponsors or indulges in terrorism related crimes will be held More

In the sphere of international law, governments have an obligation to prevent and combat terrorism related crimes and not to support or sponsor these crimes. A government that directly or indirectly commits, sponsors or indulges in terrorism related crimes will be held liable by internal law. Any support for terrorism, whether directly or indirect, according to international conventions is prohibited. Apportioning/holding the government responsible internationally according to civil and criminal acts for which the terrorism act was committed can be an appropriate response to this state sponsored terrorism. This article analysis the international responsibility of governments for acts of terrorism and its financing. The present article has been written by descriptive-analytical method and based on written documents and sources and its information has been sourced through journals, books and articles available in the library through research. The present study concludes that with the spread of government sponsored terrorism and other international crimes enormous death rates and destruction of property, environment and livelihoods is witnessed. These losses left by them, including targeting the vital interests of governments harms the threat of international peace and security. Most of the countries in the world understand the need to implement and apply the theory of international criminal justice. The governments have come to believe that the positive results of such an approach and realised that the benefits far outweigh the possible negative consequences to combat international crime. And this is possible only by accepting and implementing strategies to protect and insulate from such criminal acts. The responsibility of the governments and individuals in accepting criminal liability should be objective. And hold groups and individuals who commit such crimes responsible. Manuscript profile

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55 - Feasibility Analysis of Formation of Arabian military coalition in Persian Gulf; with Emphasis on Geopolitical Backgrounds
Reza Rahimi Kiumars YazdanpanahRahimi

The geopolitical region of South East Asia has been influenced by some geopolitical factors including the efforts of Arabian states to form an Arabian military coalescence in the years ending to 2020. These agents have given rise to a plenty of changes increasing tensio More

The geopolitical region of South East Asia has been influenced by some geopolitical factors including the efforts of Arabian states to form an Arabian military coalescence in the years ending to 2020. These agents have given rise to a plenty of changes increasing tensions and conflicts in the region. The military coalescence outlined under the influence of geopolitical backgrounds in Persian Gulf, posed the questions that how such a coalition can be realized in the near future. This present research, based on neo-realism approach, has addressed the geopolitical factors effective in shaping the coalescence. We have used cross effect analysis techniques and experts opinions to examine the feasibility of forming the military coalescence. The results of this study have indicated that some more powerful interrupting factors can weaken the possibility. To reduce tensions in the region, therefore, the neighboring states have to develop new military and security collaborations to eradicate the war in the region. Manuscript profile

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56 - Function of Bilateral&Multilateral Diplomacy in combating the spreadand management of Corona Virus: Case study of Iran’s Ministry of ForeignAffairs
Mahdi Farazi

In the present article, the role and performance of theMinistry of Foreign Affairs of Iran incombating the prevalence and managementof coronavirus has been investigated. After examining the relationship between foreign policyand health security as one of the components More

In the present article, the role and performance of theMinistry of Foreign Affairs of Iran incombating the prevalence and managementof coronavirus has been investigated. After examining the relationship between foreign policyand health security as one of the components of human security, the authorexamines the performance of the Iran’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs in twoperiods: the outbreak of coronavirus in China and the outbreak of corona virusin Iran by using inductive Methods&Accessible and non-confidential data. Studiesshow that Iran’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs has pursued fifteen measures fromthe time of the outbreak of the corona virus in China to its outbreak in Iranand eventually the pandemic, with a comprehensive human security approach thatplays a key role in the country's relative success in combating the prevalenceand management of coronavirus. In addition to analyzing of Iran’s Ministry ofForeign Affairs performance, the paper summarizes the country's weaknesses indealing with the outbreak of the coronavirus based on the government'smacro-approach and offers suggestions for future research. Manuscript profile

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57 - The place of UN Security Council sanctions resolutions in the US sanctions strategy (2018-2020)
Mahdi Pakzat Saeed Daghineh

Iran’s Eleventh government efforts toward termination of UN security council resolutios were made on this perception that the resolutions shape the basis of all sanctions and the regime of sanctions (international and unilateral sanctions) would collapse by terminating More

Iran’s Eleventh government efforts toward termination of UN security council resolutios were made on this perception that the resolutions shape the basis of all sanctions and the regime of sanctions (international and unilateral sanctions) would collapse by terminating UN security council resolutions. However, following US withdrawal from JCPOA and re-imposing unilateral sanctions in 2018, it became evident that the government’s perception wasn’t accurate. Thus, an important question rises up that what was the main goal in US efforts for making consensus against Iran in UN security council? In this article it is presumed that US efforts mainly made in order to fortify its regime of unilateral sanctions through UN security council resolutions. Therefore, this article in context of Wendt’s Constructivism and through document analysis aims to review sanction resolutions against Iran, deriving how these resolutions help US sanctions strategy on Iran. Accurate perception on UN security council resolutions’s role in US sanctions strategy could significantly help accuratley planning for better confronting economic and sanction pressure. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

58 - COVID-19 and United Nations Peacekeeping Forces: New Challenges piled on Old Constraints
Nasrin Mosaffa

UN Peacekeeping forces are operational arms of security council with military, civil, administration and police mandate, active for more than 70 years in different parts of the world, to maintain international peace and security. By taking into account their historical More

UN Peacekeeping forces are operational arms of security council with military, civil, administration and police mandate, active for more than 70 years in different parts of the world, to maintain international peace and security. By taking into account their historical experiences and lessons learnt from various challenges, this article considers the impact of COVID-19 global pandemic on UN Peacekeeping operations. By addressing the ways in which these forces dealt with pandemic related challenges and restrictions, it contextualizes it within their broader historical and institutional environment of adaptation. In short term, challenges emanating from COVID-19 intensifies the current challenges facing them. In longer term, it could trigger further institutional reassessment. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

59 - The position of Shanghai cooperation organization in Chinese regional and transregional balancing strategies (2010-2020)
Mostafa Pakdel Majd Asghar Pirhadi

As an emerging power in the post-Soviet era, the People's Republic of China has experienced an unprecedented upward trend in international balance of power over the past decade, pursuing a strategic approach in the form of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization to expand More

As an emerging power in the post-Soviet era, the People's Republic of China has experienced an unprecedented upward trend in international balance of power over the past decade, pursuing a strategic approach in the form of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization to expand bilateral and multilateral relations with others. In this line, Regional and trans-regional organizations provided PRC with the Suitable foundation for achieving its security, military and economic goals and paved the way for the subsequent rearrangement of the international hierarchy of power. Given the circumstances, based on the theoretical assumptions of the balance of power theory, with a descriptive-analytical approach, the authors of the present essay have sought to answer this strategic question that "what are the main security goals that Beijing pursues in the form of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization?" The hypothesis of this essay is that through the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, increasing cooperation with the Russian Federation and implementation of soft aspects of balancing strategy, China is both seeking to limit the presence of the United States in Central Asia, along with dominating this strategic region. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

60 - Function of Bilateral&Multilateral Diplomacy in combating the spreadand management of Corona Virus: Case study of Iran’s Ministry of ForeignAffairs
Mahdi Farazi

In the present article, the role and performance of theMinistry of Foreign Affairs of Iran incombating the prevalence and managementof coronavirus has been investigated. After examining the relationship between foreign policyand health security as one of the components More

In the present article, the role and performance of theMinistry of Foreign Affairs of Iran incombating the prevalence and managementof coronavirus has been investigated. After examining the relationship between foreign policyand health security as one of the components of human security, the authorexamines the performance of the Iran’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs in twoperiods: the outbreak of coronavirus in China and the outbreak of corona virusin Iran by using inductive Methods&Accessible and non-confidential data. Studiesshow that Iran’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs has pursued fifteen measures fromthe time of the outbreak of the corona virus in China to its outbreak in Iranand eventually the pandemic, with a comprehensive human security approach thatplays a key role in the country's relative success in combating the prevalenceand management of coronavirus. In addition to analyzing of Iran’s Ministry ofForeign Affairs performance, the paper summarizes the country's weaknesses indealing with the outbreak of the coronavirus based on the government'smacro-approach and offers suggestions for future research. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

61 - The place of UN Security Council sanctions resolutions in the US sanctions strategy (2018-2020)
Mahdi Pakzat Saeed Daghineh

Iran’s Eleventh government efforts toward termination of UN security council resolutios were made on this perception that the resolutions shape the basis of all sanctions and the regime of sanctions (international and unilateral sanctions) would collapse by terminating More

Iran’s Eleventh government efforts toward termination of UN security council resolutios were made on this perception that the resolutions shape the basis of all sanctions and the regime of sanctions (international and unilateral sanctions) would collapse by terminating UN security council resolutions. However, following US withdrawal from JCPOA and re-imposing unilateral sanctions in 2018, it became evident that the government’s perception wasn’t accurate. Thus, an important question rises up that what was the main goal in US efforts for making consensus against Iran in UN security council? In this article it is presumed that US efforts mainly made in order to fortify its regime of unilateral sanctions through UN security council resolutions. Therefore, this article in context of Wendt’s Constructivism and through document analysis aims to review sanction resolutions against Iran, deriving how these resolutions help US sanctions strategy on Iran. Accurate perception on UN security council resolutions’s role in US sanctions strategy could significantly help accuratley planning for better confronting economic and sanction pressure. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

62 - COVID-19 and United Nations Peacekeeping Forces: New Challenges piled on Old Constraints
Nasrin Mosaffa

UN Peacekeeping forces are operational arms of security council with military, civil, administration and police mandate, active for more than 70 years in different parts of the world, to maintain international peace and security. By taking into account their historical More

UN Peacekeeping forces are operational arms of security council with military, civil, administration and police mandate, active for more than 70 years in different parts of the world, to maintain international peace and security. By taking into account their historical experiences and lessons learnt from various challenges, this article considers the impact of COVID-19 global pandemic on UN Peacekeeping operations. By addressing the ways in which these forces dealt with pandemic related challenges and restrictions, it contextualizes it within their broader historical and institutional environment of adaptation. In short term, challenges emanating from COVID-19 intensifies the current challenges facing them. In longer term, it could trigger further institutional reassessment. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

63 - Opposition Groups and the Competency of International Organizations; The Case Study of Arab League and Organization for Islamic Cooperation’s action vis-a-vis Opposition to Libyan and Syrian Governments
Amir Hossein ranjbarian شهزاد رییسی

With the upsurge of conflicts between governments and oppositions and these conflicts escalating and reaching the border of non-international armed conflicts, we are witnessing the reaction of other governments and international organizations to what is happening in the More

With the upsurge of conflicts between governments and oppositions and these conflicts escalating and reaching the border of non-international armed conflicts, we are witnessing the reaction of other governments and international organizations to what is happening in these situations. Reactions that sometimes have lead to dominance of one party over another and sometimes have only flared up the flames of conflicts. However, what is important in addition to (above all of) these kinds of stances and the results of such stances, is the competence of these international organizations for their performance, which until recently could be considered as interference in one of the most sensitive and important internal affairs of governments- who are the most important members of the international community. In this paper, by studying on the competence of international organizations and case studying of two important international organizations which are the Arab League and Organization of Islamic Cooperation, during recent years’ conflicts in Libya and Syria, we will try to resolve as much ambiguities as possible in this regard. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

64 - The Legitimacy of State’s Evaluation in Implementation of United Nations Security Council
Malihe Behfar Hassan Savari

In UNs history, the Legality of Security Council Resolutions, in many cases, is challenged. Generally these challenges take by states that affected Security Councils decisions. With notice that states are the representative for implementation of SCR's, they intervene th More

In UNs history, the Legality of Security Council Resolutions, in many cases, is challenged. Generally these challenges take by states that affected Security Councils decisions. With notice that states are the representative for implementation of SCR's, they intervene their determination and interpretation in the way that implement SC decisions. In some cases domestic and regional courts evaluate the state's action in implementation SCRs. Although these cases couldn’t provide direct review on Resolutions but affected in the way of implementation. Evaluation by states is probable and arises some concerns about decrease effectiveness of SC in maintenance of international peace and security. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

65 - Analyzing the Impact of United Nations Human Rights Council’s Special Procedures on Increasing Respect for Human Rights
Mehdi Zakeriyan بهروز مختاری

One of the activities of the Human Rights Council has spread by its establishment in 2006, is the use of human rights experts to investigate, analyze and monitor the human rights situation in states. Special procedures, name of mechanisms that former Commission on Hum More

One of the activities of the Human Rights Council has spread by its establishment in 2006, is the use of human rights experts to investigate, analyze and monitor the human rights situation in states. Special procedures, name of mechanisms that former Commission on Human Rights, it has developed and council afford them to the human rights situation in specific countries or territories (Country Mission) or important phenomena of human rights violations worldwide (Mission thematic) monitor. The main argument is that Human Rights Council to take significant steps in the mechanism of "special procedures" in the order of codified human rights, benefit precious experiences in human rights monitoring. With the removal of defects former Commission on Human Rights and also, Updated institutions and its mechanisms, many experts praised the mechanism of special procedures and this tool have been introduced as universal standard and non-infringement and the importance of its efforts; in this present article, we explain the achievements of this mechanism, the Human Rights Council in establishing reporting post will be discussed. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

66 - Primacy in Relation Between the International Court of Justice and UN Security Council
همایون مافی وحید بذّار

Undoubtedly, United Nations is the most effective international organization that has played the most important role in relations between states and thus has acquired considerable prestige among the main subjects of international law (States). Security Council as the po More

Undoubtedly, United Nations is the most effective international organization that has played the most important role in relations between states and thus has acquired considerable prestige among the main subjects of international law (States). Security Council as the political body and International Court of Justice as the judicial body of the organization, have had an important role in achieving this prestige. However, the relationship between the two organs has been always discussed in various fields because of the silence of the UN Charter. By considering of subjects such the possibility of simultaneously raising an issue in the Court and Security Council, the possibility of handling of political issues in the Court and handling of legal issues in Security Council, the possibility of creation of jurisdiction for the Court by Security Council, and the possibility of judicial supervision of the Court on the Council, this article endeavored to response to the main challenge which are there precedence interrelation those? Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

67 - A New Structure for UN Security Council; The Need of Hegemony of Power
Siamak Soltani Saleh Rezaie Pishrobat

Wisdom of League of Nations has failed because of inability to set a leadership for world order and award appropriate monetary to that day’s powers and bring again the disaster of war. These shortcomings with wisdom resolved with implementation of Veto in the UN system, More

Wisdom of League of Nations has failed because of inability to set a leadership for world order and award appropriate monetary to that day’s powers and bring again the disaster of war. These shortcomings with wisdom resolved with implementation of Veto in the UN system, and the World found a new approach. But over time, the emergence of new powers followed by weakness of old ones and reaching most countries to the maturity of the collective life, resolves the global need for a leadership and the international community which still retains its old structure, dropped in another type of silliness which necessarily do not resolved by discussion. It is necessary to avoid another disastrous war, contribute all the international powers to the bureau of the international community in the Security Council and gave all of them clear shared responsibility to run the game of the world. (Such shared responsibilities may be Spiritual indices come every state and over the number of votes and the votes of every state in the decision making processes). Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

68 - A New Structure for UN Security Council; The Need of Hegemony of Power

Wisdom of League of Nations has failed because of inability to set a leadership for world order and award appropriate monetary to that day’s powers and bring again the disaster of war. These shortcomings with wisdom resolved with implementation of Veto in the UN system, More

Wisdom of League of Nations has failed because of inability to set a leadership for world order and award appropriate monetary to that day’s powers and bring again the disaster of war. These shortcomings with wisdom resolved with implementation of Veto in the UN system, and the World found a new approach. But over time, the emergence of new powers followed by weakness of old ones and reaching most countries to the maturity of the collective life, resolves the global need for a leadership and the international community which still retains its old structure, dropped in another type of silliness which necessarily do not resolved by discussion. It is necessary to avoid another disastrous war, contribute all the international powers to the bureau of the international community in the Security Council and gave all of them clear shared responsibility to run the game of the world. (Such shared responsibilities may be Spiritual indices come every state and over the number of votes and the votes of every state in the decision making processes). Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

69 - Challenges of the International Criminal Court to End Impunity; The Case of Daesh
Sadegh Salimi Ebrahim Molaei Jam

Following the centuries-old efforts of the international community, strongly influenced by the events of the twentieth century in violation of fundamental human rights, in 1998, during a meeting in Rome to punish violators of international criminal law principle of non- More

Following the centuries-old efforts of the international community, strongly influenced by the events of the twentieth century in violation of fundamental human rights, in 1998, during a meeting in Rome to punish violators of international criminal law principle of non-impunity International Criminal Court was formed. The failure of the International Criminal Court for crimes of Daesh, despite the international community's principle and the goal of a peaceful coexistence, has been seriously challenged. Experts have raised that barriers to prosecute and punish perpetrators of international crimes, in accordance with the Statute of the International Criminal Court, are often classified in two groups of theoretical obstacles and obstacles caused by defects in the Articles of Association. But the international community in the twentieth century, century of international organizations, faced with significant improvements in the formulation of social relations through the adoption of numerous conventions in order to achieve criminal justice. The Convention against Corruption (Merida 2003) is in this category. But after developing the system of social relations guarantor of international institutions is still in the development stages. The results showed that another obstacle is eradicating impunity as special is political corruption in terms of deviant behavior by officials and their official duties. However, immunity from prosecution and punishment of leaders and members of Daesh, is attributed to the structural weakness of International Criminal Court. The fragility of the restoration of the structure before finally getting it to the League of Nations appears necessary. Manuscript profile

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70 - Rules Governing Use of Water Resources During Armed Conflicts
Ebrahim Rahmani Seyed Davood Aghaee Siyamak Moazeni

Human’s impacts on his perimeter environment are reached to a level that has gotten global essence and importance. The human beings existence and his health are depending on safe and pure environment. Fundamental mission of United Nation's Organization is to save futu More

Human’s impacts on his perimeter environment are reached to a level that has gotten global essence and importance. The human beings existence and his health are depending on safe and pure environment. Fundamental mission of United Nation's Organization is to save future generations from scourge of war and UNESCO main goal is to assist in order to save peace and security through expansion of cooperation between nations by taking assistance from culture, science and education. During recent century, numerous international and non-international conflicts is targeting the most vital external element of mankind survival by many aggressions and made man engagment to itself. From the beginning of human civilization, water management is the main challenge of mankind and water as the first source of life, has limited human and economical communities. In 21 Century, managing and saving water sources (rivers, installations and subterranean waters) need common ambition in hostility time. Therefore in July 2010, General Assembly added a new right to human rights covenant called “public right of accessibility to clean water” and it announced decade of 2005 to 2015 as water decade with the motto of “Water, Third Millennium Treasure”. The aim of the article is to review the subject that human rights are consist of principles and rules that are observing on the method of supporting and saving water in all of its forms like rivers, water installations and underground sources and how military forces face to this resuscitative material. Manuscript profile

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71 - Economic Diplomacy and Islamic Republic of Iran’s Accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO)
Sayed Mohammad Mousavi dehmourdi Vahid Bozorgi

The Islamic Republic of Iran’s Accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) is bound to have significant benefits for domestic economy and foreign trade. The decision to join in 1996 and ensuing efforts since then were hindered by internal challenges and internatio More

The Islamic Republic of Iran’s Accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) is bound to have significant benefits for domestic economy and foreign trade. The decision to join in 1996 and ensuing efforts since then were hindered by internal challenges and international oppositions, notably by the Untied States. Internally, some are against the accession because they believe it is detrimental to economic and trade interest of the country in, at least, short-term. Another obstacle is lack of skilled and experienced diplomats with expertise in economic affairs. Despite trainings and educations offered by responsible entities, Iran still lacks a seasoned diplomatic corps to engage in high-level international negotiations. This article investigates Islamic Republic of Iran’s endeavours in economic diplomacy to facilitate its accession to the WTO. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

72 - International Institutions; Mathematica Modeling of Change from G5 to G20
Ali Akbar Kiani

International Institutions, though one of key global actors and topics of International Studies, are rarely studied by focusing on the internal processes of change. A justification for lack of research could be the challenges in quantifying internal changes and processe More

International Institutions, though one of key global actors and topics of International Studies, are rarely studied by focusing on the internal processes of change. A justification for lack of research could be the challenges in quantifying internal changes and processes. Hence, the proliferation of qualitative takes relying on personal analysis. Given the importance of cooperation groups in global governance, this article asks what is the degree of change in the process of expansion of G5 into G20? Utilising quantitative and mathematical methods, the study offers an equation based on data provided by the World Back. The equation proves a model to analyse track-records, which seemingly suggests highest performance by G7 and lowest for G8. Manuscript profile

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73 - EU’s Common Foreign and Security Policy: Challenges and Obstacles
Mohammad Reza Majidi Yasser Nooralivand

By investigating the security-political divide within the European Union despite the economic integration, the article suggests structural, internal and external challenges are preventing the EU to echo one voice in international level. The most important challenge in a More

By investigating the security-political divide within the European Union despite the economic integration, the article suggests structural, internal and external challenges are preventing the EU to echo one voice in international level. The most important challenge in achieving the Common Foreign and Security Policy is Member States’ insistence on national structures such as national sovereignty and nation interests. In maintaining national structures on supra-national level, European Union is suspended between two different structure: confederate and federal. The indeterminate and fluid structure manifests itself in process of decision-making across different policy-making arenas. Achieving EU’s Common Foreign and Security Policy is prevented by contradiction between the national approach (encompassing national sovereignty and national sovereignty) and the supra-national approach (limiting national sovereignty and compromising national interest for sake of common interest).This article tries to analyze the issue that why EU notwithstanding in the field political and security convergence in the international arena? Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

74 - The Cause of the North-South Divide in European Union
Roxana Niknami

The North-South divide in Europe is one of the most pressing challenges facing members of the European Union, influencing the process of integration within the Union. The North-South divide manifest the classic European divides such as East and West, old and young, Cont More

The North-South divide in Europe is one of the most pressing challenges facing members of the European Union, influencing the process of integration within the Union. The North-South divide manifest the classic European divides such as East and West, old and young, Continent-oriented or Atlantic-oriented, and not developed-less developed. How did this divide emerge? What are the extent of it? Within the framework of governance theory, the article assesses the divide at three levels: first, structural deficiency amongst the south, political and economic corruption, gap in governance, unequal GDP and cultural-religious differences manifests themselves at national level. At regional level, the differences between France and Germany, the Euro crisis and ensuing austerity measures have affected the North-South divide. Internationally, globalisation and global crisis (es) deepened the divide. Manuscript profile

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75 - Accession of Turkey to the European Union: The Changing Policy Towards Kurds
Hossein Mofidi Ahmadi Ali Asghar Kazemi keyhan bazegar

This paper aims to investigate the change in Turkey's approach towards the Kurds in the process of its accession to the European Union accession process. Europeanisation of Turkey is one of the most important factors in normalisation of the Kurdish issue by removing it More

This paper aims to investigate the change in Turkey's approach towards the Kurds in the process of its accession to the European Union accession process. Europeanisation of Turkey is one of the most important factors in normalisation of the Kurdish issue by removing it from the security agenda and re-defining Turkish citizenship. It provided new opportunity for groups who are seeking peaceful solutions to the Kurdish conflict, leading to internalisation of Human Rights values and multi-culturalism. To test this hypothesis, we rely on literatures on Europeanisation to investigate EU’s policy on Kurds in the Republic of Turkey and assess the influence of Turkey’s accession process on normalisation of the Kurdish issue given EU’s compulsory, emancipatory, and de-securitisation processes. Normalisation of the Kurdish issue coupled with reduced role of the EU in past few years also suggest possibility of harsh encounter against Kurdish separatists. Manuscript profile

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76 - The Role of Regional Organizations in Reducing Regional Challenges; The Case of the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)
hojat mahkooee hassan bavir

After World War II, particularly since 1960s, international cooperation gained prominence within the framework of regional organizations by elevating regional cooperation. Expansion of cooperation through regional organizations are deemed as an approach to exit from int More

After World War II, particularly since 1960s, international cooperation gained prominence within the framework of regional organizations by elevating regional cooperation. Expansion of cooperation through regional organizations are deemed as an approach to exit from international crisis, and to multiply power in facing new issues of today’s world. Regionalisation leads to development of economic cooperation, political and security harmonisation. It can reinforce regional peace and security by providing peaceful solutions for existing regional conflicts or potential ones. The Economic Cooperation Organisation (ECO) replaced the Regional Development Cooperation Organisation with aims of improving conditions for sustainable developments of members, expansion of regional and international trade, facilitating gradual integration with global economy, increased integration amongst public sector of member states and expanding tourism. This article highlights ECO’s role in reducing regional challenges and further integration between member states. Manuscript profile

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77 - The African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights and Individual Petition Procedure
Darioush Ashrafi Amirhossein Nourbakhsh Meysam Bagheri Moghadam Ghahremanloo

The lack of centralised enforcement power distinguishes international law, as a legal order, with national, domestic or even inter-organisational legal systems. The lack of enforcement is evident as a major flaw in international protection of Human Rights. A huge gap ex More

The lack of centralised enforcement power distinguishes international law, as a legal order, with national, domestic or even inter-organisational legal systems. The lack of enforcement is evident as a major flaw in international protection of Human Rights. A huge gap exists between the the implemented Human Rights norms and those accepted to be enforceable by the international community. In a world marked with myriad of Human Rights abuses, investigating abuses and ensuing prosecution and punishment of violators of Human Rights is now a global concern, especially in Africa where range of civil wars and treatments contrary to Human Rights are witnessed. The individual right to petition and complaint is one of the guarantors in protection of human rights. This article assesses this right at the African Court on Human and People’s Rights based on its constitution, mandate and jurisdiction outlined in its founding document. Manuscript profile

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78 - Financial Action Task Force (FATF) in the Global Economy and International Politics: Analysis of the Behavior Pattern of the FATF towards Iran
Rahim Baizidi

The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) was initially established to combat money laundering, and later objectives such as combating transnational organized crime, countering the financing of terrorism, and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction were added to i More

The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) was initially established to combat money laundering, and later objectives such as combating transnational organized crime, countering the financing of terrorism, and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction were added to its mission. The activities of FATF are based on the 40 main recommendations of this institution, the interpretive texts of which are also attached to these recommendations. The basis for the legitimacy of the FATF recommendations is some UN conventions and resolutions. This institution gained more power, especially after the 9/11 terrorist attacks, to the point where it is considered one of the most important international regimes in the field of financial and banking standards. The main issue in this regard is the position of the FATF in the global economic system, international politics and also its behavior pattern towards Iran. In response to this question, it has been hypothesized that the FATF is part of the international banking and financial regime, which, by referring to international conventions and UN resolutions, has increased its international legitimacy and sought to It has expanded its supranational authority and influence in the fields of global economics and international politics. To address this question, we first examine the important international instruments in the field of combating money laundering that led to the formation of the FATF. Following is a trend study of the historical development of the FATF to use the descriptive-analytical method to examine the position of the Financial Action Task Force in the global economy and international politics. Finally, a comprehensive analysis of the FATF's exposure to Iran over the past two decades is presented. Manuscript profile

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79 - Constructive interaction of the World Trade Organization with developing countries
Mahdi Sadeghi Shahdani Amir Kargar Ali Javanjafari

The consequences of the accession and non-accession of the developing countries to the World Trade Organization have been stated in many articles, which point to the inefficiency of this organization and the political and economic power of developed countries and their More

The consequences of the accession and non-accession of the developing countries to the World Trade Organization have been stated in many articles, which point to the inefficiency of this organization and the political and economic power of developed countries and their influence on the decisions of this organization. Research Assuming that the process of globalization and increasing membership of countries in the World Trade Organization is upward, we consider the membership of many of them in this organization to be inevitable; However, since some of the goals of this organization are the same as the economic goals of developing countries, it is possible to use effective and timely policies to interact effectively and achieve goals such as the efficient and equitable exploitation of nature. New benefits and opportunities for all were eradicated, eradicating poverty, corruption and discrimination in the country, and maintaining economic independence. For this reason, there is a need to review and adapt this organization to the economic foundations of these countries. The research question is what are the benefits and costs of membership in this organization for developing countries? what steps should they take to maximize opportunities and minimize membership costs? According to the descriptive-analytical approach and based on some theoretical assumptions of international economics and understanding the atmosphere of this organization, we will reach the hypothesis that this organization, considering the influence of developed countries in establishing fair and effective trade relations, It is inefficient, but with some flexible policies and regulations, costs can be minimized. Manuscript profile

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80 - Prospects for Regional Integration Ideas in Central Asia and Eurasia
Ghodratollah Behboudi nejad

Regional integration or convergence and cooperation, is one of the main topic of international discourse. Meanwhile, the progress of scientific research in Central Asia in this respect is not sufficient. In this article, an attempt into scientific understanding of the p More

Regional integration or convergence and cooperation, is one of the main topic of international discourse. Meanwhile, the progress of scientific research in Central Asia in this respect is not sufficient. In this article, an attempt into scientific understanding of the processes taking place in Central Asia and, more broadly, Eurasia; an attempt to comprehend how do they correlate with the real course of regional integration are represented. The analysis of the gradual development of the post-Soviet area leads to the results that have ambiguous definitions. The questions are whether the integration phenomena that are still transforming and ot finalized yet can be defined as real integration? or whether or not Central Asia can be referred to as a true geopolitical region? The hypothesis is that the ideas of integration among Central Asian countries have not been successful due to the confusion of States and internal problems, and the integration ideas presented by trans-regional actors do not have a clear vision. Along with this, it is appropriate to to draw parallels and determine correlation bonds between the mechanisms and the institutes of the functioning regional association. of the integration type (the EAEU) with the Eurasian idea projects proposed by the the post-Soviet area countries. In this article, try to analyse in a bundle the selected issues of the political idea (projects) regarding regional integration and its prospects. Manuscript profile

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81 - Russia Multilateralism in Asia-Pacific: A Case Study of ASEAN and APEC
Asgar Safari Seyed Amir Niakooee Masoumeh Rad Goudarzi

When Vladimir Putin became Russia's president for third time, Russia began to increase its cooperation with Asia-Pacific regional organizations, including the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Organization (ASEC). A More

When Vladimir Putin became Russia's president for third time, Russia began to increase its cooperation with Asia-Pacific regional organizations, including the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Organization (ASEC). Although this was not a new initiative and had been pursued in the post-Soviet years in the form of Primakov's idea of a multipolar system, what was new was that Russia's focus shifted from Western organizations to Eastern multilateral institutions. Accordingly, the main question of this research is what is Russia's goal in cooperating with multilateral institutions Asia-Pacific. The results of this study show that while it is important to reap the economic benefits of these institutions due to their influence on the regional and global economy, Russia's cooperation with these organizations should be seen in the context of a larger worldview, suggesting that Russia's interaction with multilateral institutions Asia-Pacific is influenced by its long-standing foreign policy perspective calling for a change (from a U.S.-dominated unipolar to a multipolar order) in the international system. Manuscript profile

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82 - Proposing a Framework for Ranking International Science and Technology Institutions: The case of International S&T Policymaking Institutions
Effat Norouzi Javad Mashayekh

One of the relevant topics in the field of science, technology and innovation policy is international S&T cooperation. This study proposes a framework for ranking these institutions focusing on a clear example of international S&T cooperation; cooperation in the context More

One of the relevant topics in the field of science, technology and innovation policy is international S&T cooperation. This study proposes a framework for ranking these institutions focusing on a clear example of international S&T cooperation; cooperation in the context of multilateral international institutions, in order to decide on the membership and better utilization of their capacities. Seeing deficit in the history of the assessment of countries’ performance in these institutions, the research has suggested a function-oriented framework based on nine functions to rank these institutions. These functions are as follows: form and support of interaction, communication and networking at the level of individuals, organizations and governments; legitimacy and proper visualization in regional or international level; making regulation and international standards in the field of science and technology; production, processing and distribution of information; monitoring and enforcing international regulations; allocation and sharing of resources; cooperation and joint action; arbitration and resolving international challenges; training, empowerment and capacity building. Then, using the proposed framework, forty-six international active institutions in the field of S&T policy making were ranked in six categories. The result shows that the Islamic Republic of Iran almost poses the membership of those institutions placed second to fourth categories. Finally, some recommendations about the revision of the Islamic Republic of Iran's membership in these institutions as well as the efficient use of their capacity have been proposed. Manuscript profile

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83 - The impact of the expansion of economic and trade relations between China and Europe on EU-US relations
Kamran Rabani sadr

Although the People's Republic of China and the European Union have deep differences on issues such as the position of the state in the Chinese economy and human rights, it must be acknowledged that in recent years the two sides have enjoyed the most dynamic and complem More

Although the People's Republic of China and the European Union have deep differences on issues such as the position of the state in the Chinese economy and human rights, it must be acknowledged that in recent years the two sides have enjoyed the most dynamic and complementary economies. They have engaged in global integration, bringing to the fore significant strategic cooperation. It is worth noting that the cooperation between FEMA, which has been more than any other factor in trade and direct economic investment, in turn has led to a large impact on the type of US-EU relations between Beijing and the EU. The question posed by the author of the leading research with a descriptive-analytical approach and based on the theoretical assumptions of liberal institutionalism seeks to answer why it is arranged in such a way that the visible and hidden effects of expanding economic and trade relations between China and the EU on How is the relationship between the United States and the European Union assessed? The hypothesis raised by the above question suggests that, on the one hand, the emphasis on a multilateral system based on international law has led to a common commitment between Chinese and European officials, and that, on the other hand, President Trump has chosen a strategy. Protectionism and withdrawal from trade agreements have emphasized that Europe's relations with Washington have largely cooled. The result of the transformation that has taken place is that the strengthening of Sino-EU relations has weakened EU-US relations. Manuscript profile

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84 - The impact of the expansion of economic and trade relations between China and Europe on EU-US relations
Kamran Rabani sadr Hakem ghasemi Majid Bozorgmehri

Although the People's Republic of China and the European Union have deep differences on issues such as the position of the state in the Chinese economy and human rights, it must be acknowledged that in recent years the two sides have enjoyed the most dynamic and complem More

Although the People's Republic of China and the European Union have deep differences on issues such as the position of the state in the Chinese economy and human rights, it must be acknowledged that in recent years the two sides have enjoyed the most dynamic and complementary economies. They have engaged in global integration, bringing to the fore significant strategic cooperation. It is worth noting that the cooperation between FEMA, which has been more than any other factor in trade and direct economic investment, in turn has led to a large impact on the type of US-EU relations between Beijing and the EU. The question posed by the author of the leading research with a descriptive-analytical approach and based on the theoretical assumptions of liberal institutionalism seeks to answer why it is arranged in such a way that the visible and hidden effects of expanding economic and trade relations between China and the EU on How is the relationship between the United States and the European Union assessed? The hypothesis raised by the above question suggests that, on the one hand, the emphasis on a multilateral system based on international law has led to a common commitment between Chinese and European officials, and that, on the other hand, President Trump has chosen a strategy. Protectionism and withdrawal from trade agreements have emphasized that Europe's relations with Washington have largely cooled. The result of the transformation that has taken place is that the strengthening of Sino-EU relations has weakened EU-US relations. Manuscript profile

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85 - سخنی با خوانندگان فصلنامه سازمان‌های بین‌المللی
Nasrin Mosaffa

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

86 - A Study on the Evolution of Beijing Behavior in the Four Periods of "China's International Organizational Diplomacy" and its Outcomes for Beijing
Hamed Vafaei

The present article examines the evolution of China's behavioral characteristics in the three governing systems over the past century; Article divides this Era into four historical periods, examines and analyzes Chinese political ethics within the concept of "internatio More

The present article examines the evolution of China's behavioral characteristics in the three governing systems over the past century; Article divides this Era into four historical periods, examines and analyzes Chinese political ethics within the concept of "international organization diplomacy". The article hope to answers the question of “how the relationship between the behavioral evolution and the policy of the leadership power in China, which has always been directly influenced by the ruling ideology, has an impact on the presence and role of Chinese in international environments, including international organizations?” This article also briefly examines China's interests through its relationship with international organizations and Count some of the benefits of this relationship for the Chinese Communist Party. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

87 - China's Foreign Policy and the Evolution of its Security Council Voting Behavior
Hamid salehi Emad Aslani Minareh Bazaari

To understand the behavior of governments, one of the most important areas of study is the views and opinions that are expressed by them in international organizations. China is Iran's most important trading partner, and examining its votes in the UN Security Council co More

To understand the behavior of governments, one of the most important areas of study is the views and opinions that are expressed by them in international organizations. China is Iran's most important trading partner, and examining its votes in the UN Security Council could make prediction of its performance much more accurate in the face of developments in the region. In other words, by paying close attention to China's voting behavior in the UN Security Council, we can achieve a precise understanding about the gradual evolution of China's votes in the Security Council. This has made it especially important to know the country's voting framework in the Security Council. In this article, we try to examine the evolution of China's votes in the Security Council from a constructivist point of view and a pragmatic approach. The question we are trying to answer in this article is what will happen to China's foreign policy in light of the changes happened within China's voting behavior in framework of the Security Council? The hypothesis we introduce in response to this question is that the evolution of China's vote in the Security Council indicates an increase in influence and the creation of a network of Chinese allies in regional organizations. China is seeking to use its veto power to enhance its role as an emerging economic, security and political power on different international occasions and to achieve some sort of political-economic deterrent against US destructive-sanctions measures and, on the other hand, promote Chinese norms through the use of international expansion organizations in the international arena. Manuscript profile

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88 - Assessing the factors affecting China's economic interaction with selected trade blocs, Comparative study; Persian Gulf Cooperation Council and Eurasia
mehrdad Alipour reza simbar

Given China's urgent need for sustainable energy to reduce energy vulnerabilities and maximize its growing power in international politics and relations, the rising country has sought to build energy cooperation in recent years. A special political-economic relationship More

Given China's urgent need for sustainable energy to reduce energy vulnerabilities and maximize its growing power in international politics and relations, the rising country has sought to build energy cooperation in recent years. A special political-economic relationship with the countries present in the GCC and the Eurasian Strategic Region will emerge. In this regard, the authors of the present study with a descriptive-analytical-comparative approach and based on library documents, have sought to answer the strategic question that the People's Republic of China in the light of deepening relations by analyzing and examining the growing presence of Beijing in these areas. What are its political and economic goals with the member states of the Persian Gulf Council and the actors in the Eurasian strategic sphere? The hypothesis raised by the above question is that Beijing, taking into account the economic weight of the countries present in the mentioned regions and given their special position in the belt-road initiative, has tried to pursue its new geopolitical strategies through effort. To ensure sustainable security of access to energy, maintain target markets based on the Belt-Road Initiative, as well as increase cooperation with regional partners, extend to the Persian Gulf and Eurasia. Manuscript profile

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89 - China Regime-building in the Persian Gulf; China-Persian Gulf Cooperation Council Free Trade Area
بهاره سازمند Ahmad Ramezani

Regime building is considered as one of China's tools to expand and deepen cooperation with the other parties, the use of which has been continuously increasing. The main question of the present study is why has China moved towards regime-building with Persian Gulf Coop More

Regime building is considered as one of China's tools to expand and deepen cooperation with the other parties, the use of which has been continuously increasing. The main question of the present study is why has China moved towards regime-building with Persian Gulf Cooperation Council? The present article argues in an explanatory Method that China has turned to regime-building with Persian Gulf Cooperation Council in order to gain and maximize its economic interests. The findings show that China began talks to establish a China-Persian Gulf Cooperation Council Free Trade Area to boost economic trade ($ 25 billion in 2004). This increased trade volume to more than $ 90 billion in 2008 and to more than $ 180 billion in 2019. China is currently expanding its free trade area to other areas, especially trade in services and investments. The theoretical framework and the method of data collection of the present article are the theory of international interest-based regimes and documentary, respectively. Manuscript profile

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90 - Chinese activism in ASEAN; Efforts to maintain asymmetric economic dependence
Morteza Noor Mohammadi Vahid Sharbati Mohaddese Heidari

Despite all the opposition of members international organizations against China, over the past decade, Beijing has reached significant influence in international and regional organizations and is trying to improve It’s status in these organizations by shaping norms, rul More

Despite all the opposition of members international organizations against China, over the past decade, Beijing has reached significant influence in international and regional organizations and is trying to improve It’s status in these organizations by shaping norms, rules and regulations. One of the most important regional organizations that has received a lot of attention from the Chinese authorities is ASEAN. An organization that can provide many benefits to Beijing. China's interests are now more intertwined with the ASEAN region than ever before; Relations between China and the union has become one of the most complex in the Asia-Pacific region and have recently seen positive changes in both the economic and political dimensions. Of course, the China’s interests of this deepening relationship have outweighed those of the ASEAN members, and this has become one of the concerns of Union officials in recent years. This article tries to examine the type of Chinese action in this regional organization based on the theory of asymmetric economic dependence. According to the article, China seeks to maintain and Promote ASEAN's asymmetric dependence on itself through the promotion of political and economic cooperation, and to prevent regional and international competitors from gaining strength in this organization. Manuscript profile

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91 - The process of China's accession to the World Trade Organization
Masood Kamali Ardakani

By adopting an open door policy in the 1970s, China gradually became an emerging power in the international arena, increasing its economic power, and now is a major player in the political arena, challenging the interests of the great powers. The process of economic ref More

By adopting an open door policy in the 1970s, China gradually became an emerging power in the international arena, increasing its economic power, and now is a major player in the political arena, challenging the interests of the great powers. The process of economic reform in China changed dramatically in the mid-1980s (before joining the World Trade Organization) and this development can be well seen in the trade performance of thiseconomy. China is now a major player in international trade, both in terms of imports and exports. Moving from the older methods of import planning to issuing import licenses and then using customs tariffs, the market mechanism and price have a special place as the most important determining factors in China's future relations with the rest of the world. In view of the above, the author of the present work seeks to answer the strategic question: what are the hidden goals of the People's Republic of China through its accession to the World Trade Organization? The hypothesis that can be posed against this question is that Meanwhile, China's accession to the World Trade Organization as part of China's economic reform process has enabled them to consolidate the benefits of the trade reform process pursued by the Chinese government in the two decades before accession and to lay the groundwork for future reforms. Manuscript profile

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92 - جایگاه سازمان همکاری شانگهای در راهبردهای موازنه‌جویانۀ منطقه‌ای و فرامنطقه‌ای چین (2020-2010)
Mostafa Pakdel Majd Asghar Pirhadi

As an emerging power in the post-Soviet era, the People's Republic of China has experienced an unprecedented upward trend in politics and international relations over the past decade, taking a strategic approach in the form of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization to ex More

As an emerging power in the post-Soviet era, the People's Republic of China has experienced an unprecedented upward trend in politics and international relations over the past decade, taking a strategic approach in the form of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization to expand bilateral and multilateral relations with others. In this line, Regional and trans-regional organizations and countries provided PRC with the Suitable foundation for achieving its security, military and economic goals and paved the way for the subsequent rearrangement of the international hierarchy of power. Given the circumstances, based on the theoretical assumptions of the theory of balance of power, with a descriptive-analytical approach, the authors of the present essay have sought to answer this strategic question that "what are the main security goals that Beijing pursues in the form of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization?" The hypothesis of this essay is that through the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, increasing cooperation with the Russian Federation and implementation of Soft aspects of balancing strategy, China is both seeking to limit the active presence of the United States in Central Asia and also dominate this strategic region. Manuscript profile

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93 - United States" Use of Drones in the War on Terror from the Perspective of Jus ad Bellum and Jus in Bello
Aghil Mohammadi

The widespread use of drones by the United States to fight al-Qaeda and Taliban terrorist groups in countries such as Afghanistan, Pakistan and Yemen after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks quickly challenged the legitimacy of targeted killings by drones in the l More

The widespread use of drones by the United States to fight al-Qaeda and Taliban terrorist groups in countries such as Afghanistan, Pakistan and Yemen after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks quickly challenged the legitimacy of targeted killings by drones in the light of international law. The military and the "CIA" believe that the use of drones is in line with the war on terrorism and in the framework of international humanitarian law. So, this article based on a descriptive-analytical approach answers the question, to "what extent is the United States' targeted killings by drones in line with the Jus ad Bellum Jus in Bello?" This article examines important issues such as the identity and status of those targeted and the legality of their killings in terms Jus ad Bellum Jus in Bello and concludes that using drones in the form of Right of self-defense is unacceptable and US actions has violated certain principles of international humanitarian law such as the principle of distinction, proportionality, military necessity, precautions in attack and humanity. Targeted killing in cases where there are no serious and imminent threats, is also in violation of international human rights law. Manuscript profile

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94 - Studying Peace in the Documents and Procedures of FIFA
Hamidreza Akbarpoor

The Fédération Internationale de Football Association is a non-governmental international organization that plays an active role in the international society, particularly in the realization of its goals including peacebuilding. This study aimed to examine the role of " More

The Fédération Internationale de Football Association is a non-governmental international organization that plays an active role in the international society, particularly in the realization of its goals including peacebuilding. This study aimed to examine the role of "FIFA" in building and establishing peace and the way a sports organization could influence world peacebuilding. A further question was the basis of FIFA’s participation in world peace. The answer to this question lies in 1980s when FIFA reconsidered its macro-level goals and was converted into a multi-aspect organization. Accordingly, the participation of FIFA began in 1980s in collaboration with other international organizations active in peacebuilding such as the United Nations and its sub-organizations such as United Nations Office on Sport for Development and Peace and UNICEF as well as non-governmental organizations such as Football for Peace. Several articles in FIFA’s Statue specify its active presence in different fields including human rights and elimination of racial and gender discriminations. This, in its turn, provides a space for peacebuilding in difficult conditions. The procedures of FIFA also indicate its high potential and influential role in peacebuilding and establishing peace in crisis-ridden areas in the Balkans, Palestine, Afghanistan, Africa, and other places in the world through joint programs such as “Unity for Peace, United for Peace”, “Football Friends”, “Football for Hope” and “Football for Peace”. Today, FIFA’s outlook is focused more than ever on peace and activities for peacebuilding. This is more tangible considering the developments in relations with other organizations active in peacebuilding and the significance of FIFA’s social responsibility. Manuscript profile

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95 - The Impact of Iran's Permanent Membership in the Shanghai Organization on Its Geopolitical Weight in the Central Asia
Hamid Hakim Mahboubeh Iran nia

Capacities of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Considering the membership of two of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council (Russia and China) in this organization, having more than a third of the world's population, considerable size, large capacitie More

Capacities of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Considering the membership of two of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council (Russia and China) in this organization, having more than a third of the world's population, considerable size, large capacities and abundant capabilities, promises a potentially strong coalition. Due to the permanent membership of the Islamic Republic of Iran in this organization, it seems that examining the consequences of Iran's membership in this organization in the form of explaining the opportunities and challenges of membership, can Facilitate policy making in foreign policy of Iran about this issue. This study suggests that Iran's permanent membership in this organization can increase Iran's geopolitical weight in the region and bring political, economic and security benefits to Iran. Based on this, first, we study the theoretical explanation of formation and continuation of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and then while analyzing the reasons for non-membership of the Islamic Republic of Iran to now; the consequences of permanent membership in the current situation in this organization are examined. Manuscript profile

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96 - The Role of the UN Security Council in Adopting Resolutions Against ISIS
ehsan jafari far Reza nasirihamed

Today, terrorism is one of the most important issues for nations and governments in the world. Although certain parts of the world are more affected by this phenomenon than the others, its prevalence has almost become a security concern in most contemporary societies. W More

Today, terrorism is one of the most important issues for nations and governments in the world. Although certain parts of the world are more affected by this phenomenon than the others, its prevalence has almost become a security concern in most contemporary societies. We are witnessing efforts by the United Nations to counter the growth and activities of terrorist groups, especially as the crisis of terrorism became more of a threat to global security with the rise of ISIS and its transnational actions. This article through analytical and descriptive methods and by using library and website resources seeks to answer the question of what resolutions the United Nations has adopted against the terrorist group ISIL. The novelty of this study is that, unlike previous studies that have dealt with the Iraq-Syria crisis and the role of the United Nations during it, it intends to address only the issue of UN resolutions on ISIL in a coherent manner. The research findings show that since 2014 up until 2021, resolutions 2169, 2170, 2178, 2199, 2347, 2249 and 2462 are the most important UN resolutions adopted against ISIL. Resolution 2169 on the identification of ISIL as a terrorist group, Resolution 2170 on the dissolution of ISIL, Resolution 2178 on the recruitment of foreign fighters to ISIL, Resolution 2199 on the prohibition of buying and trading in oil and gas, antiques and historical objects with terrorists, Resolution 2347 on the Security Council Regarding the protection of the common heritage of humanity and cultural heritage, Resolution 2249 to destroy ISIL sanctuaries in Iraq and Syria, and finally Resolution 2462 on the fight against terrorism and the financing of terrorism; all were adopted to contain the activities of this terrorist organization Manuscript profile

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97 - International Responsibility of States and Attribution of Cyber-attack
رضا رحمتی

In the current age Net is an alternative of place in criminology, and violation of international law. Cyber space is new phenomena both in the scope of technology and in non-useful functions. Cyber-attacks and its sorts can cause physical damage and loss of life, becaus More

In the current age Net is an alternative of place in criminology, and violation of international law. Cyber space is new phenomena both in the scope of technology and in non-useful functions. Cyber-attacks and its sorts can cause physical damage and loss of life, because of this; it can be under the responsibility obligations of states. International responsibility of states (for example draft article of responsibility of state in internationally wrongful act) is one of the most important elements in the law of cyber-attacks. The first issue in the cyber-attack is the term of “force” and “attack”. Cyber-attack can be under the term of attack in international law. According to this concept, the main question is “do and to what extend cyber-attacks are attributable to conduct of state? To answer this question first we have to know the concepts of attack. Then which commentaries of article 2 (para 4) of United Nations Charter are useful to cyber-attack, finally the dilemma of recognition and attribution of root of attack is so important to applying of the law of responsibility of state. Manuscript profile

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98 - An Analysis of WTO Reform Process
Mahmoodreza Jalili Mehdi Fakheri

World Trade Organization reform has been discussed since its establishment. Issues such as the reform of special and differential treatment and also the reform of the consensus decision-making system have been among the most important cases of attention. The constant co More

World Trade Organization reform has been discussed since its establishment. Issues such as the reform of special and differential treatment and also the reform of the consensus decision-making system have been among the most important cases of attention. The constant conflict between developed and developing countries, which led to the collapse of the Doha Round negotiations and the failure of the reforms debate in WTO, can be attributed to the different perspectives of these two country groups on the main purpose of WTO. Developed countries believe that the final aim of WTO is to facilitate free trade between countries, they also demand that WTO should expand free trade to e-commerce and intellectual property. On the other hand, developing countries believe the final goal of the WTO is to accelerate the development of all countries. They also expect WTO to announce the approval of an overall result of the Doha Development Round negotiations as a precondition for new negotiations of WTO reform. In addition, after the U.S crisis in WTO Dispute Settlement Body (DSB), the reform of DSB has become one of the most challenging pillars of the WTO reform process. Making consensus in the decisions has faced a deadlock in the decision-making mechanism of WTO. For instance, some of the recent issues in international trade, such as e-commerce have created different conditions in WTO in comparison to time WTO was established. Furthermore, in recent years some events like the Coronavirus pandemic and changing of the president of the United States, have made WTO reform inevitable. Manuscript profile

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99 - UN Preventive Diplomacy and International Peace After the Cold War
Amir Hooshang Mirkooshesh ramtin rezaii

With the end of the Cold War and the bipolar system of international relations and consequently the establishment of international peace, the international system has undergone profound changes and has experienced new features and variables. According to this paper, the More

With the end of the Cold War and the bipolar system of international relations and consequently the establishment of international peace, the international system has undergone profound changes and has experienced new features and variables. According to this paper, the concept of international peace has been in a very critical and deplorable state since the 1990s, and the mechanisms for achieving peace, including the United Nations' preventive diplomacy as the sole institution for the realization of international peace was both ineffective and inefficient in preventing bloody conflicts and large-scale genocides in comparison with the Cold War era. This article seeks to answer the question that how is the performance of UN preventive diplomacy assessed in the post-Cold War era? In response to this question, it is hypothesized that the performance of UN preventive diplomacy in the post-Cold War era has not been successful due to its weakness and inefficiency in resolving armed conflicts in order to achieve international peace. Manuscript profile

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100 - Human Security and Human Rights; Distinctions and Overlapping Areas
Naser khorshidi sarem shiravand

The purpose of this article is to study of distinctions and overlapping areas between "Human Security" and "Human Rights". Both concepts put the preserving and promoting "Human Dignity" on the agenda, And for this reason, they cover many of each other's shortcomings. On More

The purpose of this article is to study of distinctions and overlapping areas between "Human Security" and "Human Rights". Both concepts put the preserving and promoting "Human Dignity" on the agenda, And for this reason, they cover many of each other's shortcomings. On the other hand, there are differences areas between "Human Security" and "Human Rights", especially in the level of analysis, operational aspects, and scope of inclusion. In this regard, the question arises: "How can human rights and human security, despite some differences and distinctions, be able to complement and reinforce each other?"Human rights and human security have the ability to overlap and reinforce each other, because they focus on a single issue, namely "human dignity" and the development of various aspects of human life, including individual, social and international. In order to realizing the Human security strategies (protection and empowerment), Human rights provide the necessary legal framework to support the two principles of "Protection" and "Empowerment". And conversely, human security, with its emphasis on the operational aspects of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, in particular economic, social and cultural rights, as well as the Securitization of some common human rights concerns, can provide the necessary political support for achieving human rights goals. Findings indicate that there is a significant relationship between human rights and human security. The research method is descriptive-analytical and in some cases a comparative method has been used to prove the hypothesis. Manuscript profile

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101 - Neighborhood Policy and Multilateral Geoeconomic Order Making; The Islamic Republic of Iran and the Eurasian Economic Union
Amir Abbasi Khoshkar

Geoeconomic Order Making as one of the main foundations of strategic Order Making in West Asia as well as playing the role of economic stabilization in the periphery areas have become some of the main directions of regional foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran More

Geoeconomic Order Making as one of the main foundations of strategic Order Making in West Asia as well as playing the role of economic stabilization in the periphery areas have become some of the main directions of regional foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Neighborhood policy based on economic diplomacy in the geo-economic cluster of Central Asia and the Caucasus has provided a favorable business environment in the form of membership in the Eurasian Economic Union. Selling of consumer goods and services to the region in order to boost exports and enhance the value of national currency are among the main goals of joining the union. The question of the present study is that “what are the opportunities and challenges of advancing Iran's membership in the Eurasian Economic Union regarding geoeconomic participation in Central Asia and the Caucasus? In response to the above question, it is hypothesized that the expanding export markets and strengthen the convergence of geoenergy with union members are the most important opportunities and incompatibility of the economies of the member states along with their competition in energy exports are among the challenges facing the Islamic Republic of Iran in the markets of Eurasian Economic union. The research method in this article is descriptive-explanatory. Manuscript profile

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102 - Opportunities and Threats of Iran’s Membership in the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (Legal, Political, Defensive and Security)
Afifeh Abedi

Due to the proliferation of technologies underlying weapons of mass destruction and the non-membership of Iran's regional rival, Israel, in the organization, and despite the indicators for the success of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) and the Organization for the More

Due to the proliferation of technologies underlying weapons of mass destruction and the non-membership of Iran's regional rival, Israel, in the organization, and despite the indicators for the success of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) and the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), there are always concerns about the consequences of Iran’s membership in the OPCW, meaning that by joining the organization, Iran will not only lose its weapons-based deterrence, but also is exposed to intelligence threats by providing the organization with confidential onformation. The main question of the present study is what legal-political, defense and security opportunities Iran will enjoy and what threats it will face by joining the CWC and the OPCW. The purpose of this research is to accurately explain the opportunities and threats in order to benefit more from them to secure Iran's interests. The findings show that the implicit threats of membership in the CWC and the OPCW are also present in the case of non-membership. However, the direct and implicit opportunities for Iran's membership in the convention and the organization are unavoidable. Manuscript profile

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103 - NATO's Political and Military Strategy for 2030 and Global Implications
Rahim Baizidi Asgar Safari

The dynamic nature of the international order and distribution of power has transformed the international environment into an arena of rapid political, military, and security developments. The establishment of NATO was also the result of one of these developments, inclu More

The dynamic nature of the international order and distribution of power has transformed the international environment into an arena of rapid political, military, and security developments. The establishment of NATO was also the result of one of these developments, including rapid expansion of Soviet's military and geopolitical power. The organization has faced many challenges throughout its life, one of the most important of which was the collapse of the Soviet Union and the disappearance of its founding philosophy. But in the post-Cold War era of international relations, NATO not only sustained its life by relying on its strategic concepts, using Russia's in its domestic power transition, as well as highlighting emerging threats such as terrorism, but also increased its members from 16 countries -before the collapse of the Soviet Union- to 30 countries in 2020. Despite NATO's high level of adaptation to international developments, the global distribution of power is changing rapidly, posing fundamental challenges to the organization. The present study seeks to address three key issues, including the challenges and threats facing NATO in assessing the international political and security environment, NATO's strategy for dealing with these threats, and finally its consequences. Using a descriptive-analytical method, while extracting the system of threats facing NATO, this article deals with some of the most important pillars of NATO's strategy for implementation until 2030. Finally, the global implications of NATO's new strategy are analyzed as well. Manuscript profile

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104 - Assessing the Role of South and Southeast Asian Regional Organizations in Confronting Maritime Terrorism: Case Study of SAARC, BIMSTEC & ASEAN
Farhad Talaie Maral Javidbakht

Waters of the South and Southeast Asia have long been some of the most important hotspots for various sea-based organized crimes. As a result of the continuously rising threat of terrorism and its spread all around the world, along with the access of terrorist groups to More

Waters of the South and Southeast Asia have long been some of the most important hotspots for various sea-based organized crimes. As a result of the continuously rising threat of terrorism and its spread all around the world, along with the access of terrorist groups to more efficient and modern military equipments, the danger of terrorism has become more imminent and widespread, taking many forms and finding its way to the seas. Maritime terrorism, especially within regions where other maritime crimes are prevalent, is considered, because of the probable links between the offenders, as one of the most serious threats against peace and security at seas. Considering the organized nature of these crimes, effective suppression of them is only possible through collective and cooprative initiatives. Thus, regional organizations have an undeniably important role in combating maritime terrorism. This article, using the descriptive-analytical method, aims to assess the performance and function of a selected number of regional organizations active within South and Southeast Asia and to examine their achievements and shortcomings, as well as their challenges, in combating maritime terrorism. This article concludes that the activities of these organizations have been essential but insufficient, and the most important challenge ahead is lack of collective strategies at the regional level. Manuscript profile

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105 - Promoting Innovation through Standardization; Case Study of the Low Sulfur Fuel Law Published by the International Maritime Organization
Mohammad Naghizadeh Vali Bazarchi

The impact of rules and standards to stimulate innovation in organizations has been the subject of various articles and research since the early 1990s. Identifying the types of standards and their impact mechanism on innovation through public policies has been addressed More

The impact of rules and standards to stimulate innovation in organizations has been the subject of various articles and research since the early 1990s. Identifying the types of standards and their impact mechanism on innovation through public policies has been addressed in this study. In this line, by using library studies, at first, innovation and innovation policy are defined and then, the relationship between types of standards with innovation and the impact of regulation with various types of standards are examined. In the case study of "the standard of using low sulfur fuel has become mandatory from the beginning of 2020 in the shipping industry"; the structure of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the steps of converting a proposal into a standard in this organization are described. Finally, by applying the qualitative method and interviewing experts, the various solutions offered by countries and large companies in various industries to comply with this standard were analyzed. Solutions such as the use of marine diesel and low-sulfur fuels, the use of low-sulfur fuel mixtures, the installation of Scrubber of gas emission units in ships, the use of natural gas or the use of other marine fuels such as methanol and Biomass fuel was placed in the hands of research and development units in various refining, chemical, nano and polymer industries. These solutions require a variety of innovations in product and process technologies at different levels. This case study shows that a global standardization is effective in a variety of innovation methods and can shape the future development of countries and companies. Manuscript profile

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106 - Analysis of the Relationship between Sports Diplomacy and International Prestige of Countries; A case Study of Qatar Hosting the 2022 FIFA World Cup
Hossein Polvandeh Farzad Rostami

Modern sport has been dramatically internationalized and the strategic, conscious and purposeful use of sport by countries to create interaction, information and positive indexing and increase international credibility to increase activism and pursue foreign policy goal More

Modern sport has been dramatically internationalized and the strategic, conscious and purposeful use of sport by countries to create interaction, information and positive indexing and increase international credibility to increase activism and pursue foreign policy goals can be attributed to related on sports diplomacy. Sport has a positive role as one of the tools in diplomacy and politics. Sports diplomacy has become a tool for governments to use to improve their positions and credibility. Therefore, it is important to address the issue that in addition to military or political power, there are other and less costly ways in which countries can achieve their goals. Qatar is one of these countries that, despite its special geographical location, is using this type of diplomacy to achieve its regional and international goals. In this regard, the main question of the forthcoming article was how sports diplomacy affects Qatar's international prestige. Using descriptive analytical method, it is hypothesized that Qatar has been able to host the 2022 FIFA World Cup through sports diplomacy, with four components: becoming an important regional player, an important opportunity for public diplomacy and power. Soft, participation in peace and security and attracting public opinion, play a serious role for itself and ultimately increase its international prestige and prestige. Manuscript profile

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