تبیین عوامل موثر بر فضای کالبدی شهر و معماری مسکن مبتنی بر گفتار امام علی (علیه السلام) در نهج البلاغه
محورهای موضوعی : Islamic Architecture
1 - استادیار گروه معماری، دانشگاه قم، قم، ایران
کلید واژه: نهج‌البلاغه, امام علی(ع), شهر, مسکن, روابط همسایگی.,
چکیده مقاله :
با اينكه اصول اسلام، حقايقي است ثابت و تغييرناپذير كه براي همه زمان‌ها وضع شده، ولي فروع زياد بوده و اجتهاد ضرورت دارد. از آنجا که معماران باید از اصول ثابت و کلی نظری، اصول اعتباری و نسبی و عملی را که وابسته به شرایط زمان و مکان است استنباط نمایند، اصل مهمی تحت‌عنوان «اصل اجتهاد هنری» برای مضبوط کردن این استنباط مطرح میشود که میتواند متضمن خلق آثاری بدیع و در عین حال اصیل در حوزه معماری باشد. این پژوهش با هدف تبیین مفاهیم مؤثر بر فضای کالبدی سکونتگاه و معماری مسکن در سخنان گوهربار امام علی(ع) و امکان کاربست آن در دوره معاصر تدوین شده است. برای تبیین سخنان امام علی(ع) به کتاب نهج‌البلاغه استناد گردیده است. با بررسی تمامی متن نامهها، حکمتها و خطبهها 14 مورد (موضوع) مؤثر بر فضای کالبدی سکونتگاه و معماری مسکن تشخیص داده شد. پرداختن به اين مسئله با استفاده از روش تركيبي انجام شده است؛ به ايـن ترتيـب كـه پس از گردآوري دادهها با روش اسنادي-كتابخانهاي، تحليل آنها با روش تحليل محتواي كيفي انجام شده است و سپس يافتههاي پژوهش با استفاده از روش استدلالي منطقي استخراج شده است. طبق این یافتهها اصولی چون رعایت حق مهمان، تأکید به حق همسایگی، توصیه به حق زن، توجه به حق فرزندان، رعایت حریم، توصیه به حسن همجواری، توجه به قناعت، مکانیابی مسکن، تأکید به وحدت و هماهنگی، توجه به حقوق ساخت‌و‌ساز، رعایت مسایل اقلیمی، تأکید به تعادل، توصیه به نظم و بهرهگیری از عناصر طبیعت به‌عنوان عواملی مؤثر بر کالبد فضای سکونتگاه و معماری مسکن در کلام امام علی(ع) است. با بررسیهای به‌عمل آمده بالاترین میزان توجه و مؤثر بر فضای سکونتگاه و حوزه معماری مسکن در کلام امام علی(ع) در نهج‌البلاغه مربوط به اهمیت و سفارش به همسایه و روابط همسایگی است که باید مورد توجه برنامهریزان و متولیان امور شهری قرار گیرد.
Explaining the Factors Affecting the Physical Space of Settlements
and Housing Architecture Based on the Sayings of Imam Ali
(AS) in Nahj al-Balagha
Hamed Hayati*
This research examines the sayings of Imam Ali (AS) in Nahj al-Balagha as a source of inspiration for formulating architectural principles of settlements. Using a mixed-method approach—documentary analysis, qualitative content analysis, and logical reasoning—fourteen fundamental principles have been extracted, including guest rights, neighbor rights, privacy preservation, respect for women and children, housing location, unity and harmony, construction rights, climatic considerations, balance, order, contentment, good neighborliness, and the utilization of natural elements. This research aims to clarify the concepts influencing the spatial configuration of settlements and residential architecture, as expressed in the noble words of Imam Ali (AS), and explores the possibility of applying these ideas in the contemporary era. The findings show that the emphasis on neighborly relations in Imam Ali's discourse is of utmost importance and should be considered in urban policymaking. Based on the analysis, the most significant focus and influence on the setting of residential spaces and architecture in Nahj al-Balagha is the importance placed on neighbors and neighborly relations—an aspect that planners and urban management authorities should take into account.
Keywords: Nahj al-Balagha, Imam Ali (AS), city, housing, neighborly relations.
Introduction
Nahj al-Balagha, as a valuable Islamic heritage, presents principles for human life, including urban space and housing architecture. These teachings define conditions for appropriate housing that ensure the peace and comfort of residents, but they have been explored less in architectural studies. Housing, in Islamic teachings, is not merely a physical space but a setting for worship and human transcendence. This study aims to examine the architectural principles of housing based on Imam Ali’s (AS) sayings in Nahj al-Balagha. Using a mixed-method approach involving documentary analysis, qualitative content analysis, and logical reasoning, the author seeks to extract the factors influencing the physical space of settlements. The study hypothesizes that Islamic urban planning principles, inspired by Imam Ali's teachings, are applicable in contemporary conditions. Among these principles, neighborly relations and the preservation of citizens' social rights receive the most emphasis, which should be considered in urban planning. A review of previous research shows extensive studies in Islamic urban planning, but this study fills a gap by focusing on Nahj al-Balagha. The term "housing" in Islamic texts is defined as a place of peace and security, with its spiritual and social aspects emphasized in the Quran and Nahj al-Balagha. This study aims to utilize Imam Ali's teachings to provide strategies for architectural and housing design that align with Islamic principles and modern social needs.
Methods
This study adopts an interdisciplinary and faith-based approach, examining housing principles based on Islamic teachings and scholarly perspectives. Islamic housing extends beyond physical space, embodying a concept tied to human nature and the goal of spiritual elevation. The research methodology integrates documentary analysis, quantitative and qualitative content analysis, and logical reasoning. Initially, relevant statements regarding housing in Nahj al-Balagha were identified, and explicit and interpretive themes were extracted. Through logical analysis, these findings were categorized and strategies for Islamic housing architecture were developed. The study emphasizes that dwelling is not merely residing but a profound concept linked to culture, spirituality, and social structure, which must be considered in urban space design.
Findings
By analyzing Nahj al-Balagha’s statements, this study presents principles for Islamic housing architecture and urban planning. The findings indicate that neighborly rights, appropriate housing location, privacy preservation, contentment, nature utilization, and balance in home design significantly impact social life. Imam Ali (AS) emphasizes neighbors' social and ethical rights while highlighting the spiritual and cultural significance of settlements. He advocates for an environment conducive to peace, piety, and social interaction. Additionally, architecture should avoid extravagance, ostentation, and social discord while considering the needs of women and children.
These findings suggest that Islamic housing is not merely a physical setting but a platform for individual and social elevation. Ultimately, this study recommends that urban planning strategies based on Islamic teachings help preserve cultural identity, strengthen social cohesion, and create sustainable settlements aligned with contemporary human needs.
Conclusion
By examining the noble sayings of Imam Ali (AS) in Nahj al-Balagha, fourteen statements (letters, wisdoms, and sermons) related to urban space and housing architecture were identified, leading to the extraction of fourteen fundamental principles as influencing factors in urban space and housing architecture.
The essential principles (strategies and effective approaches) affecting urban space and housing architecture include an emphasis on guest rights, attention to women's and children's rights, good neighborliness, avoidance of material excess, social harmony, and integration of architecture with nature. This study indicates that Islamic housing design should address both individual needs and social and religious values to establish a sustainable and Islamic-oriented environment.
The results emphasize that concepts such as respecting neighborly rights, preserving privacy, achieving balance in residential spaces, utilizing natural elements, and selecting appropriate housing locations are of significant importance in Islamic environments.
In analyzing the opportunities and challenges of implementing these strategies, it was found that while experts in Islamic architecture and related research centers provide valuable resources, the weakness of urban studies based on Islamic thought and the dominance of non-religious perspectives in urban planning pose challenges to the implementation of these principles.
References
Okohvat, H. (2011) Recognition of the spiritual concepts of dwelling in traditional housing of the desert climate. Journal of Iranian-Islamic City Studies, pp 95-102. https://www.noormags.ir/view/en/articlepage/1019758.
Aminpour, A., Madani, R., & Hayati, H. (2015) Recognition of housing and dwelling concepts based on Islamic teachings. Journal of Urban Management, No. 40, 47-60. https://sid.ir/paper/92166/fa.
Aminpour, A., Madani, R., & Hayati, H. (2017) Investigating how the Islamic teachings are manifested in the body of traditional housing: A case study of the hot and dry climate of Iran. Journal of Urban Management, No. 48. https://www.sid.ir/paper/92301/fa.
Barati, N. (2003) Recognition of the concept of home in Persian language and Iranian culture. Journal of Khial. No 8. https://www.sid.ir/paper/451257/fa.
Bemanian, M., Ali Mohammadi, F., & Arjmandi, S. (2012) Investigating the principles of aesthetics in the architecture of traditional Iranian houses (Case study: historical houses of Qazvin city). The First National Conference on New Ideas and Technologies in Architecture, Tabriz-Iran. Doi: 10.22034/JGEOQ.2022.306779.3326.
Pakshir, A., & Barzegar, S. (2019) Principles of realizing citizenship rights in Nahj al-Balagha. The Fifth International Congress on Islamic Humanities, Tehran.
Haji Yousefi, M. (2009) Interdisciplinarity in political science in Canadian universities: Concept and implementation. Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities, No. 2. Doi: https://doi.org/10.7508/isih.2009.02.003.
Rapoport, A. (2003) Origins of culture and architecture. (S. Ale Rasoul, Trans.). Fard Bank, Iranian Academy of Art. https://www.noormags.ir/view/fa/articlepage/582872.
Sattari Sarbanqoli, H. (2011) City stratification in the words of the Prophet of Islam (PBUH). Journal of Iranian-Islamic City Studies, First Year, No. 3, 47-55. https://www.sid.ir/paper/177337/fa.
Shultz, C. N. (1974) Existence, space and architecture. Tehran Bookstore Publications, Tehran.
Faramarz Garamaleki, A. (2006) Methodology of religious studies (A new edition). Islamic Sciences University of Razavi Publications, Mashhad. https://noorlib.ir/book/view/61654.
The Holy Quran. (2008) Al-Hadi Institute, Center for Printing and Publishing the Holy Quran.
Kalantari Khalilabad, H., Seyed Ahmadi, S., & Rostami, G. (2010). The historical role of endowment (Waqf) in the formation of the Islamic city (Case study of Isfahan city). Journal of Iranian-Islamic City Studies, No. 1, 33-43. https://www.sid.ir/paper/177346/fa.
Kooper, K. (2000) Home as a symbol of self, book of philosophical and psychological foundations of space perception. Translation of Aramesh Arbab Jelfaie, Tehran: Nashre Khak.
Gifford, R. (1998) Psychology of residential environments. Vahid Ghobadian, Architecture and Culture, No. 2 and 3. https://www.sid.ir/paper/449601/fa.
* Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, University of Qom, Qom, Iran.
hamedhayaty@yahoo.com