The Cause of the North-South Divide in European Union
Subject Areas : PoliticsKeywords: North-South Chaos European Union The Economic Crisis Debt Crisis, Ethnicity Political Corruption Governance,
Abstract :
The North-South divide in Europe is one of the most pressing challenges facing members of the European Union, influencing the process of integration within the Union. The North-South divide manifest the classic European divides such as East and West, old and young, Continent-oriented or Atlantic-oriented, and not developed-less developed. How did this divide emerge? What are the extent of it? Within the framework of governance theory, the article assesses the divide at three levels: first, structural deficiency amongst the south, political and economic corruption, gap in governance, unequal GDP and cultural-religious differences manifests themselves at national level. At regional level, the differences between France and Germany, the Euro crisis and ensuing austerity measures have affected the North-South divide. Internationally, globalisation and global crisis (es) deepened the divide.
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Wharton, J. (2015, 01 31), Merkel refuses to write off Greece's debt, Retrieved from express: http://www.express.co.uk/news/world/555406 Germanys Chancellor Angela Merkel rules out cuts to Greeks substanial debt Syriza.
Acemoglu, D. a. (2000), “The Choice between Market Failures and Corruption”, American Economic Review, Vol.90, No.1: 194- 211.
Baker, W. E. (2000), “The Widening Cultural Divide”, Center for Society & Economy, Vol.1, No.1.
Bartolini, S. (2011), New Modes of European Governance:an Introduction. In A. Heritier, & m. Rhodes, New Modes of Governance in Europe:Governing in Shadow of Hierarchy, New York: Palgrave.
Belikova, K. (2013/9/27), The euro Crisis Social Chaos to the EU, Retrieved from GBT: www.gbttimes.com.
Booth, P. (2013), The Euro- The Beginning ,The Middle & The End, London: The Instutute of Economic Affairs.
Bremmer, I. (2012/12/6), The EU`s widening north- south divide, Retrieved from foreighn policy: www.blog.foreignpolicy.com.
Cable, V. (1996), The World`s New Issues: Identities Crisis, London: Demos.
Commision(b), E. (2012), Future of Europe, Brussels: TNC opinion & Social European Commision.
Commission(e), E. (2014), EU Ani-Corruption Report, Brussels: European Commission.
Cukurcayir, S., & Tezcan, K. (2013), “Investigations on the EURO area Public Debt Crisis: the Case of PIIGS”, European Scientific Journal, Vol.2, No.1: 308- 320.
De Grauwe, P. (2013), “The Creditor Nationa Rule in The Eurozone, In P. De Grauwe, G. Magnug, & eds, The Future of Europe's Economy Disaster or Deliverance?, london: Center for European Reform.
Dombret, A. (2013), The Europea Sovereign Debt Crisis, Berlin: Dutsch Bundesbank Eurosystem.
Eurostat. (2013), Real GDP growth rate-volume, Retrieved from Eurostat: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/graph.
Eurostat. (2014, March), Income distribution statistics, Retrieved from eurostat: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics explained/index. php/Income distribution statistics.
Fisahn, A. (2013/11/9), Vier Jahre Merkel, vier Jahre Eurokrise, Retrieved from eurozine: www.eurozine.com/articles fisahn de.html.
Forbes. (2012/5/24), Europe: the north vs the south, Retrieved from Forbes: www.forbes/com/sites/mikepatlorn/Europe the north vs the south the new civil war.
Gottmann, J. (1975), “The evolution of the concept of territory”, Social Science Information, Vol.53, No.3: 29- 47.
Grauwe, P. D. (2013), In Search of Symetry in The Eurozone, London: CEFPS.
Hall, B. (2010/5/27), French minister says bail- out alters EU treaty, Retrieved from Financial Times: www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/ d6299cae6 9b511df843200144feab49a.html.
Hix, S. (1999), “Pimensions & alignments in European Union Politics: Cognitive Constraints & Partisan Response”, European Journal of Political Research, Vol.35, No.1: 69- 106.
Hood, A., Johnson, P., & Joyce, R. (2013/1/7), The Welfare Benefits Up- rating Bill, Retrieved from IFS: http://www. ifs. org. uk/publications/6539.
Huebner, K. (2011), Macroeconomic Imbalance & Sovereign Debt Market. In K. Huebner, Europe,Canada & The Compresive Economic & Trade Agreement (pp. 289- 305). London: Routledge.
ILO. (2012), World of Work 2012 Snapshot of The European Union, Retrieved from Ilo: http://www. ilo. org/wcmsp5/groups/public/- - - dgreports/dcomm/ publ/documents/publication/wcms_202326. Pdf.
Jones, E. (2011), Developments in European Politics, New York: Palgrave.
Keijzer, R. (2011/4/20), north & south of europe:a gap or just a beautifull chalenge? Retrieved from World Press: www.culturewg. worldpress.com.
Kriesi, H., & Sciarini, P. (2003), Auswirkungen Von sachpräferenzen Auf die Wahlentscheidung. In P. Schasini, & S. H. Vatter, Schmeizer Wahlen (pp. 321- 368), Bern: Haupf.
Laible, s. (2006), Euroepan Response to Globalization:Resistnce, Adaption & Alternative, Amesterdam: Elsvier.
Leschik, J., & Jepsen, M. (2012), “Introduction: Crisis, policy responses and widening inequalities in the EU”, International Labour Review, Vol.151, No.4: 151- 293.
Mamede, R. P. (2013), Causes,Consequences & Ways Out Of the crisis:A Perspective from EU's Periphery, Lisbon: Green European Journal.
Medrano, D. (2003), Framing Europe, Princetone: Princeton University Press.
Meny, Y., & Survel, Y. (2001), Politique Comparee, Paris: Montchrestien.
Morvacsik, A. (2012, May-June), “Europe After The Crisis: How to Sustain A Common Currency”, Foreign Affairs, 54- 68.
Nowak, A. z. (2012). End of Euro zone? In E. Latoszek, I. Kotowska, A. Z. Nowak, & A. Stepniak, European Itegration Process in The New Regional & Global Setting (pp. 112- 224), Warsaw: WWZ.
OECD. (2012), empliyment policies & data, Retrieved from OECD: www.oecd.org/els/employmentpoliciesand data/howdooecdlabourmarketperform.htm.
Papantonious(a), Y. (2013/11/11), The redivide of europe, Retrieved from Transatlantic Academy: www.transatlanticacademy.org/node/35.
Papantonious, Y. (2013/12/6), the re- division of europe, Retrieved from Project Syndicate: http://www.project-syndicate.org. commentary yannos papantoniou warns that the widening- economic gap between the eurozones northern and souther members could lead to the monetary union s collapse.
PBC. (2010/10/10), news hours, Retrieved from PBS: www.pbc.news hours /rundown euro- performance.html.
Penketh, A. (2014/8/25), France thrown into political turmoil after government dissolved, Retrieved from The Guardian: www.theguardian.com/world/french government resigns francois hollande manuel valls.
Prodi, R. (2010/5/20), A big step towards fiscal federalism in Europe, Retrieved from Financial Times:/www.ft. com/cms/s/0/3f74c1d8 6444 11df 8618 00144feab49a. html#axzz3BVIByzg5.
Rappold, J. (2014/2/11), Are Austerity Measures Leading to a North- South Divide? Retrieved from Heinrich Boell Foundation: www.boell.eu/en//are austerity measures leading north-south divide.
Riegert, B. (2012/8/13), north against south in europe, Retrieved from DW: http://www.dw.de/north against south in europe/a-16162069.
Ruscher, E., & Wolf, G. (2012), Corporate Balance Sheets Adjustment: Stylized Facts, Causes & Consequences, Brussels: Brugel.
Schlipphak, B. (2013), Action an Attitudes Matter:International Public Opinion towards the European Union, Brussels: European Commision.
Smialek, J. (2013/4/9), Stiglitz Says More Fiscal Stimulus Needed in U.S: Tom Keene, Retrieved from Bloomberg: www.bloomberg.com/ news/stiglitz says more fiscal stimulus needed in us tom keene.html.
Tassinari, F. (2014/8/5), north south europe divide. Retrieved from Huffington post: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/fabrizio-tassinari/ north-south europe divide_b_5288252.html.
Thornton, G. (2012), The future of Europe: clouded by uncertainty, Dublin: Grant Thornton International’s repor.
Voas, D., & Storm, I. (2012), Religious & Secular Morality Across Europe, Manchester: EUREL.
Wharton, J. (2015, 01 31), Merkel refuses to write off Greece's debt, Retrieved from express: http://www.express.co.uk/news/world/555406 Germanys Chancellor Angela Merkel rules out cuts to Greeks substanial debt Syriza.