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Open Access Article
1 - Neighborhood Policy and Multilateral Geoeconomic Order Making; The Islamic Republic of Iran and the Eurasian Economic Union
Amir Abbasi KhoshkarIssue 15 , Vol. 5 , Summer 2022Geoeconomic Order Making as one of the main foundations of strategic Order Making in West Asia as well as playing the role of economic stabilization in the periphery areas have become some of the main directions of regional foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran MoreGeoeconomic Order Making as one of the main foundations of strategic Order Making in West Asia as well as playing the role of economic stabilization in the periphery areas have become some of the main directions of regional foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Neighborhood policy based on economic diplomacy in the geo-economic cluster of Central Asia and the Caucasus has provided a favorable business environment in the form of membership in the Eurasian Economic Union. Selling of consumer goods and services to the region in order to boost exports and enhance the value of national currency are among the main goals of joining the union. The question of the present study is that “what are the opportunities and challenges of advancing Iran's membership in the Eurasian Economic Union regarding geoeconomic participation in Central Asia and the Caucasus? In response to the above question, it is hypothesized that the expanding export markets and strengthen the convergence of geoenergy with union members are the most important opportunities and incompatibility of the economies of the member states along with their competition in energy exports are among the challenges facing the Islamic Republic of Iran in the markets of Eurasian Economic union. The research method in this article is descriptive-explanatory. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Opportunities and Threats of Iran’s Membership in the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (Legal, Political, Defensive and Security)
Afifeh AbediIssue 15 , Vol. 5 , Summer 2022Due to the proliferation of technologies underlying weapons of mass destruction and the non-membership of Iran's regional rival, Israel, in the organization, and despite the indicators for the success of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) and the Organization for the MoreDue to the proliferation of technologies underlying weapons of mass destruction and the non-membership of Iran's regional rival, Israel, in the organization, and despite the indicators for the success of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) and the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), there are always concerns about the consequences of Iran’s membership in the OPCW, meaning that by joining the organization, Iran will not only lose its weapons-based deterrence, but also is exposed to intelligence threats by providing the organization with confidential onformation. The main question of the present study is what legal-political, defense and security opportunities Iran will enjoy and what threats it will face by joining the CWC and the OPCW. The purpose of this research is to accurately explain the opportunities and threats in order to benefit more from them to secure Iran's interests. The findings show that the implicit threats of membership in the CWC and the OPCW are also present in the case of non-membership. However, the direct and implicit opportunities for Iran's membership in the convention and the organization are unavoidable. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - NATO's Political and Military Strategy for 2030 and Global Implications
Rahim Baizidi Asgar SafariIssue 15 , Vol. 5 , Summer 2022The dynamic nature of the international order and distribution of power has transformed the international environment into an arena of rapid political, military, and security developments. The establishment of NATO was also the result of one of these developments, inclu MoreThe dynamic nature of the international order and distribution of power has transformed the international environment into an arena of rapid political, military, and security developments. The establishment of NATO was also the result of one of these developments, including rapid expansion of Soviet's military and geopolitical power. The organization has faced many challenges throughout its life, one of the most important of which was the collapse of the Soviet Union and the disappearance of its founding philosophy. But in the post-Cold War era of international relations, NATO not only sustained its life by relying on its strategic concepts, using Russia's in its domestic power transition, as well as highlighting emerging threats such as terrorism, but also increased its members from 16 countries -before the collapse of the Soviet Union- to 30 countries in 2020. Despite NATO's high level of adaptation to international developments, the global distribution of power is changing rapidly, posing fundamental challenges to the organization. The present study seeks to address three key issues, including the challenges and threats facing NATO in assessing the international political and security environment, NATO's strategy for dealing with these threats, and finally its consequences. Using a descriptive-analytical method, while extracting the system of threats facing NATO, this article deals with some of the most important pillars of NATO's strategy for implementation until 2030. Finally, the global implications of NATO's new strategy are analyzed as well. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Assessing the Role of South and Southeast Asian Regional Organizations in Confronting Maritime Terrorism: Case Study of SAARC, BIMSTEC & ASEAN
Farhad Talaie Maral JavidbakhtIssue 15 , Vol. 5 , Summer 2022Waters of the South and Southeast Asia have long been some of the most important hotspots for various sea-based organized crimes. As a result of the continuously rising threat of terrorism and its spread all around the world, along with the access of terrorist groups to MoreWaters of the South and Southeast Asia have long been some of the most important hotspots for various sea-based organized crimes. As a result of the continuously rising threat of terrorism and its spread all around the world, along with the access of terrorist groups to more efficient and modern military equipments, the danger of terrorism has become more imminent and widespread, taking many forms and finding its way to the seas. Maritime terrorism, especially within regions where other maritime crimes are prevalent, is considered, because of the probable links between the offenders, as one of the most serious threats against peace and security at seas. Considering the organized nature of these crimes, effective suppression of them is only possible through collective and cooprative initiatives. Thus, regional organizations have an undeniably important role in combating maritime terrorism. This article, using the descriptive-analytical method, aims to assess the performance and function of a selected number of regional organizations active within South and Southeast Asia and to examine their achievements and shortcomings, as well as their challenges, in combating maritime terrorism. This article concludes that the activities of these organizations have been essential but insufficient, and the most important challenge ahead is lack of collective strategies at the regional level. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Promoting Innovation through Standardization; Case Study of the Low Sulfur Fuel Law Published by the International Maritime Organization
مریم محمدی Mohammad Naghizadeh Vali BazarchiIssue 15 , Vol. 5 , Summer 2022The impact of rules and standards to stimulate innovation in organizations has been the subject of various articles and research since the early 1990s. Identifying the types of standards and their impact mechanism on innovation through public policies has been addressed MoreThe impact of rules and standards to stimulate innovation in organizations has been the subject of various articles and research since the early 1990s. Identifying the types of standards and their impact mechanism on innovation through public policies has been addressed in this study. In this line, by using library studies, at first, innovation and innovation policy are defined and then, the relationship between types of standards with innovation and the impact of regulation with various types of standards are examined. In the case study of "the standard of using low sulfur fuel has become mandatory from the beginning of 2020 in the shipping industry"; the structure of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the steps of converting a proposal into a standard in this organization are described. Finally, by applying the qualitative method and interviewing experts, the various solutions offered by countries and large companies in various industries to comply with this standard were analyzed. Solutions such as the use of marine diesel and low-sulfur fuels, the use of low-sulfur fuel mixtures, the installation of Scrubber of gas emission units in ships, the use of natural gas or the use of other marine fuels such as methanol and Biomass fuel was placed in the hands of research and development units in various refining, chemical, nano and polymer industries. These solutions require a variety of innovations in product and process technologies at different levels. This case study shows that a global standardization is effective in a variety of innovation methods and can shape the future development of countries and companies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Analysis of the Relationship between Sports Diplomacy and International Prestige of Countries; A case Study of Qatar Hosting the 2022 FIFA World Cup
Hossein Polvandeh Farzad RostamiIssue 15 , Vol. 5 , Summer 2022Modern sport has been dramatically internationalized and the strategic, conscious and purposeful use of sport by countries to create interaction, information and positive indexing and increase international credibility to increase activism and pursue foreign policy goal MoreModern sport has been dramatically internationalized and the strategic, conscious and purposeful use of sport by countries to create interaction, information and positive indexing and increase international credibility to increase activism and pursue foreign policy goals can be attributed to related on sports diplomacy. Sport has a positive role as one of the tools in diplomacy and politics. Sports diplomacy has become a tool for governments to use to improve their positions and credibility. Therefore, it is important to address the issue that in addition to military or political power, there are other and less costly ways in which countries can achieve their goals. Qatar is one of these countries that, despite its special geographical location, is using this type of diplomacy to achieve its regional and international goals. In this regard, the main question of the forthcoming article was how sports diplomacy affects Qatar's international prestige. Using descriptive analytical method, it is hypothesized that Qatar has been able to host the 2022 FIFA World Cup through sports diplomacy, with four components: becoming an important regional player, an important opportunity for public diplomacy and power. Soft, participation in peace and security and attracting public opinion, play a serious role for itself and ultimately increase its international prestige and prestige. Manuscript profile
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Open Access Article
1 - Position of International Organizations in Foreign Policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran
hosien karimifardIssue 4 , Vol. 1 , Winter 2014The position of international organizations in the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran has differed according to the identity system adopted by the Iranian officials in various periods of time and their viewpoints about the nature and functions of internation MoreThe position of international organizations in the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran has differed according to the identity system adopted by the Iranian officials in various periods of time and their viewpoints about the nature and functions of international organizations and institutions. Since 1979 up to the present time, the experience has proven that when Iran has had positive interaction with international organizations, it has been in a better position to guarantee its security and national interests, and cooperation with international organizations in different fields has provided Iran's political, economic and cultural diplomacy with opportunities. On the other hand, a confrontational approach to international organizations has created various challenges and problems in various fields for the country and has damaged the international prestige of the Iranian government. This study reviews position of international organizations in the foreign policy of Iran from 1979 to 2003. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Promoting Innovation through Standardization; Case Study of the Low Sulfur Fuel Law Published by the International Maritime Organization
Mohammad Naghizadeh Vali BazarchiIssue 15 , Vol. 5 , Summer 2022The impact of rules and standards to stimulate innovation in organizations has been the subject of various articles and research since the early 1990s. Identifying the types of standards and their impact mechanism on innovation through public policies has been addressed MoreThe impact of rules and standards to stimulate innovation in organizations has been the subject of various articles and research since the early 1990s. Identifying the types of standards and their impact mechanism on innovation through public policies has been addressed in this study. In this line, by using library studies, at first, innovation and innovation policy are defined and then, the relationship between types of standards with innovation and the impact of regulation with various types of standards are examined. In the case study of "the standard of using low sulfur fuel has become mandatory from the beginning of 2020 in the shipping industry"; the structure of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the steps of converting a proposal into a standard in this organization are described. Finally, by applying the qualitative method and interviewing experts, the various solutions offered by countries and large companies in various industries to comply with this standard were analyzed. Solutions such as the use of marine diesel and low-sulfur fuels, the use of low-sulfur fuel mixtures, the installation of Scrubber of gas emission units in ships, the use of natural gas or the use of other marine fuels such as methanol and Biomass fuel was placed in the hands of research and development units in various refining, chemical, nano and polymer industries. These solutions require a variety of innovations in product and process technologies at different levels. This case study shows that a global standardization is effective in a variety of innovation methods and can shape the future development of countries and companies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Necessity and Possibility of Judicial Supervision over Security Council’s Performance in UN Legal System
حسین شریفی طرازکوهی ساسان مدرس سبزواریIssue 4 , Vol. 1 , Winter 2014The issue of judicial supervision over the Security Council has two different, but interrelated aspects. First of all, the “necessity” of such supervision should be discussed. The present article assumes that the Security Council should be committed to the principles of MoreThe issue of judicial supervision over the Security Council has two different, but interrelated aspects. First of all, the “necessity” of such supervision should be discussed. The present article assumes that the Security Council should be committed to the principles of international law, the goals of the United Nations, sovereign rights of member states, fundamental human rights guarantees, as well as the basic structure for the division of powers among various organs of the UN. Then it studies the Security Council’s procedure to show that this institution has been frequently found in violation of the aforesaid legal bounds. Security Council’s inattention to the limits of its powers can cast doubts on credibility of the entire UN system. It has been also shown that the “necessity” of judicial supervision can be proven on the basis of the requirements of the “rule of law.” Another aspect of this issue is the “possibility” of judicial supervision in view of the current state of international law. The present paper has shown that although the Charter of the United Nations has remained silent on this issue, it can be confirmed if final goals of this document are taken as basis for its interpretation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Paris climate change conference and its impact on international Cooperation
Hadi Ajili AskariIssue 10 , Vol. 4 , Spring 2021Paris Climate Conference was held in a different manner related to the previous ones. The difference was in determining countries pledges. In this conference states themselves determined their share of mitigation of greenhouse gases. In previous conferences pledges were MoreParis Climate Conference was held in a different manner related to the previous ones. The difference was in determining countries pledges. In this conference states themselves determined their share of mitigation of greenhouse gases. In previous conferences pledges were determined through a top down procedure which was not adequate and also parties were not able to fulfill them. But in Paris conference a bottom up procedure was used that helped countries to take pledges, based on their condition and abilities, they are able to fulfill them. The purpose of this research is to answer this question that how Paris climate conference affects international cooperation? This research suggests that the cooperation in Paris can be a model for cooperation in other international fields. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Opportunities and constraints of Islamic Republic of Iran’s NAM Chairmanship
محمود خاني جويآباد مصطفی زهرانیIssue 5 , Vol. 2 , Spring 2014While enumerating the strengths and weaknesses of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), out of all the existing hypotheses about the role and functions of this mechanism, the present paper focuses on the possibility of optimizing the function and accelerating, if possible, th MoreWhile enumerating the strengths and weaknesses of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), out of all the existing hypotheses about the role and functions of this mechanism, the present paper focuses on the possibility of optimizing the function and accelerating, if possible, the restructuring of NAM, especially by taking advantage of the chairmanship of the Islamic Republic of Iran over the next three years. It offers a number of contextual and applied proposals in order to explore and analyze this hypothesis. The paper concludes that following the collapse of the Soviet Union, the NAM has been increasingly marginalized. Prominent members of the movement, including India, Indonesia (both among founding members of the NAM), South Africa and even Saudi Arabia have been assimilated in the G-20 group. Other big powers like China, Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico (which are Member States of the G-20 and Observer Members of the NAM) are under tremendous pressure and have, willingly or unwillingly, become more and more inclined toward peaceful coexistence with the hegemonic powers. As a result, they have gradually distanced themselves from the original ideals of the movement and even worse, have not been able to maintain their commitment to the principles and goals of the NAM, especially as Member States of the NAM which are also Member States of the United Nations Security Council. Meanwhile, the Islamic Republic of Iran pursues a unique approach to realizing the principles and goals of the movement. The paper examines some proposals to evaluate the quality of Iran’s impact on the movement as chairman of the 16th Conference of the NAM and a member of its Troika. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Assessing the factors affecting China's economic interaction with selected trade blocs, Comparative study; Persian Gulf Cooperation Council and Eurasia
mehrdad Alipour reza simbarIssue 13 , Vol. 4 , Winter 2022Given China's urgent need for sustainable energy to reduce energy vulnerabilities and maximize its growing power in international politics and relations, the rising country has sought to build energy cooperation in recent years. A special political-economic relationship MoreGiven China's urgent need for sustainable energy to reduce energy vulnerabilities and maximize its growing power in international politics and relations, the rising country has sought to build energy cooperation in recent years. A special political-economic relationship with the countries present in the GCC and the Eurasian Strategic Region will emerge. In this regard, the authors of the present study with a descriptive-analytical-comparative approach and based on library documents, have sought to answer the strategic question that the People's Republic of China in the light of deepening relations by analyzing and examining the growing presence of Beijing in these areas. What are its political and economic goals with the member states of the Persian Gulf Council and the actors in the Eurasian strategic sphere? The hypothesis raised by the above question is that Beijing, taking into account the economic weight of the countries present in the mentioned regions and given their special position in the belt-road initiative, has tried to pursue its new geopolitical strategies through effort. To ensure sustainable security of access to energy, maintain target markets based on the Belt-Road Initiative, as well as increase cooperation with regional partners, extend to the Persian Gulf and Eurasia. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Financial Action Task Force (FATF) in the Global Economy and International Politics: Analysis of the Behavior Pattern of the FATF towards Iran
Rahim BaizidiIssue 12 , Vol. 4 , Spring 2021The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) was initially established to combat money laundering, and later objectives such as combating transnational organized crime, countering the financing of terrorism, and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction were added to i MoreThe Financial Action Task Force (FATF) was initially established to combat money laundering, and later objectives such as combating transnational organized crime, countering the financing of terrorism, and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction were added to its mission. The activities of FATF are based on the 40 main recommendations of this institution, the interpretive texts of which are also attached to these recommendations. The basis for the legitimacy of the FATF recommendations is some UN conventions and resolutions. This institution gained more power, especially after the 9/11 terrorist attacks, to the point where it is considered one of the most important international regimes in the field of financial and banking standards. The main issue in this regard is the position of the FATF in the global economic system, international politics and also its behavior pattern towards Iran. In response to this question, it has been hypothesized that the FATF is part of the international banking and financial regime, which, by referring to international conventions and UN resolutions, has increased its international legitimacy and sought to It has expanded its supranational authority and influence in the fields of global economics and international politics. To address this question, we first examine the important international instruments in the field of combating money laundering that led to the formation of the FATF. Following is a trend study of the historical development of the FATF to use the descriptive-analytical method to examine the position of the Financial Action Task Force in the global economy and international politics. Finally, a comprehensive analysis of the FATF's exposure to Iran over the past two decades is presented. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Mechanisms and Function of Transitional Justice: An Important Development in International Law
مهدی ذاکریان سيدرضي عماديIssue 1 , Vol. 1 , Spring 2013The concept of justice has been always among the most important concepts in domestic and international systems and great efforts have been made to administer it in both areas, especially after the World War II. Nonetheless, in most cases, justice has not been administer MoreThe concept of justice has been always among the most important concepts in domestic and international systems and great efforts have been made to administer it in both areas, especially after the World War II. Nonetheless, in most cases, justice has not been administered to leaders, especially in the Third World countries. The leaders and statesmen in these countries have never been held accountable for their inhuman acts which violate human rights as a result of their special position and by taking undue advantage of the concept of immunity. Since 2002, the Statute of the International Criminal Court has become binding for its Member States and this has been a major development in the administration of justice, especially with regard to political leaders with immunity and has paved the way for discussing the concept of transitional justice. The present article aims to expound the concept of transitional justice, its conditions, goals and mechanisms, as well as the impact of its enforcement on the restoration of peace and stability in transitional societies. The main argument of the article is that enforcement of transitional justice in transitional societies, especially by taking advantage of a combination of domestic and international courts, including the International Criminal Court, can pave the way for the restoration of calm and stability to transitional societies while sending a message to other totalitarian leaders who violate human rights. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Intervention by Invitation in Domestic Unrest from Viewpoint of International Law with Emphasis on Bahrain Case
فریده شایگانIssue 4 , Vol. 1 , Winter 2014Intervention by invitation has been always associated with the political objectives which seek to meet the interests of the interventionist state. International community has frequently witnessed such intervention not only during the Cold War era, but even after its ter MoreIntervention by invitation has been always associated with the political objectives which seek to meet the interests of the interventionist state. International community has frequently witnessed such intervention not only during the Cold War era, but even after its termination. Although there is no specific rule on this kind of intervention in international law, certain criteria for the assessment of the legitimacy of this intervention can be found in international law. Intervention of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates in Bahrain was accompanied with passive reaction and silence of the Security Council. This paper first studies the criterion that can be used to assess legitimacy of intervention by invitation and then studies the legitimacy of intervention in Bahrain both on the basis of the aforesaid criteria and in accordance with the principle of responsibility to protect. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Prospects for Regional Integration Ideas in Central Asia and Eurasia
Ghodratollah Behboudi nejadIssue 12 , Vol. 4 , Spring 2021Regional integration or convergence and cooperation, is one of the main topic of international discourse. Meanwhile, the progress of scientific research in Central Asia in this respect is not sufficient. In this article, an attempt into scientific understanding of the p MoreRegional integration or convergence and cooperation, is one of the main topic of international discourse. Meanwhile, the progress of scientific research in Central Asia in this respect is not sufficient. In this article, an attempt into scientific understanding of the processes taking place in Central Asia and, more broadly, Eurasia; an attempt to comprehend how do they correlate with the real course of regional integration are represented. The analysis of the gradual development of the post-Soviet area leads to the results that have ambiguous definitions. The questions are whether the integration phenomena that are still transforming and ot finalized yet can be defined as real integration? or whether or not Central Asia can be referred to as a true geopolitical region? The hypothesis is that the ideas of integration among Central Asian countries have not been successful due to the confusion of States and internal problems, and the integration ideas presented by trans-regional actors do not have a clear vision. Along with this, it is appropriate to to draw parallels and determine correlation bonds between the mechanisms and the institutes of the functioning regional association. of the integration type (the EAEU) with the Eurasian idea projects proposed by the the post-Soviet area countries. In this article, try to analyse in a bundle the selected issues of the political idea (projects) regarding regional integration and its prospects. Manuscript profile