کووید-۱۹ و نیروهای حافظ صلح ملل متحد: چالش‌های جدید، محدودیت‌های قدیمی
محورهای موضوعی : اقدامات و سیاست‌های سازمان‌ها
نسرین مصفا
1
( دانشگاه تهران)
کلید واژه: نیروهای حافظ صلح سازمان ملل متحدکووید-۱۹شورای امنیت عملیات صلح,
چکیده مقاله :
نیروهای حافظ صلح به‌عنوان ابزار عملی شورای امنیت سازمان ملل متحد بیش از هفتاد سال است که با سلسله‌ای از وظایف نظامی، مدنی، اداری و انتظامی در مناطق مختلف جهان جهت تأمین صلح و امنیت بین‌المللی خدمت می‌کنند. فعالیت این نیروها، تجربیات و درس‌های آموخته گسترده‌ای را ناشی از چالش‌های خود برای انجام وظایفشان در بحران‌ها دارد. بیماری کووید-۱۹ که در سال ۲۰۲۰ در جهان شیوع پیدا کرد، آثار و عواقبی بر جنبه‌های مختلف حیات بشریِ سراسر جهان داشته است؛ که از آن می توان به عنوان یک بحران نام برد. نیروهای حافظ صلح نیز در پی آن با یکی از مهم‌ترین چالش‌ها از زمان تشکیل روبه‌رو شده‌اند. ازآنجایی‌که معمولاً آغاز و پایان بحران‌ها، با محدودیت‌ها، تغییرات و همچنین فرصت‌هایی برای فعالیت هر نهاد همراه است، هدف از این مقاله، بررسی و پاسخ به پرسش‌های پیرامون آثار شرایط حاضر بر فعالیت این نیروها می‌باشد. آثار کوتاه‌مدت و بلندمدت همه‌گیری بر این نیروها برای انجام وظایف، موجب ضرورت تطبیق با شرایط درحال‌حاضر و آمادگی برای محدودیت‌ها در فعالیت‌های آینده است.
UN Peacekeeping forces are operational arms of security council with military, civil, administration and police mandate, active for more than 70 years in different parts of the world, to maintain international peace and security. By taking into account their historical experiences and lessons learnt from various challenges, this article considers the impact of COVID-19 global pandemic on UN Peacekeeping operations. By addressing the ways in which these forces dealt with pandemic related challenges and restrictions, it contextualizes it within their broader historical and institutional environment of adaptation. In short term, challenges emanating from COVID-19 intensifies the current challenges facing them. In longer term, it could trigger further institutional reassessment.
رمضانی قوام آبادی, محمد حسین. (1399). بیماری همه‌گیر کرونا و صلح و امنیت بین‌المللی. فصلنامه تحقیقات حقوقی, 23(ویژه نامه حقوق و کرونا), 181-200. doi: 10.22034/jlr.2020.185129.1660
زمانی، سید قاسم، و صدیقیان کاشانی، منصوره. (۱۳۹۲). قربانیان صلح: مسئولیت سازمان ملل و سازوکارهای جبران خسارت. فصلنامه سازماندهی بین‌المللی. ۱ )۱(، ۱۳۹-۱۷۲.
مصفا, نسرین. (1388). تحکیم صلح ملل متحد ؛ چالش های پیش رو. فصلنامه سیاست, 39(4), -.
مصفا، نسرین (1370). تحول مفهوم حفظ صلح. سیاست خارجی،5(2)، 363-385.
Adhanom Ghebreyesus, T. (11 March 2020). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19. Geneva. Available at: https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020.
Albright, M.K. Negroponte, J.D. & Pickering, T. (2021). The United States Must Pay the United Nations What It Owes. Foreign Policy, (29 March). Available at: https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/03/29/the-united-states-must-pay-the-united-nations-what-it-owes/.
Bellamy, A.J. & Williams, P.D. (eds) (2013). Providing Peacekeepers: The Politics, Challenges, and Future of United Nations Peacekeeping Contributions. 1st ed. Oxford, U.K: Oxford University Press.
Bourbeau, P. (2018). On Resilience: Genealogy, Logics, and World Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108349017
Coleman, K.P. (2020). COVID19 AND UN PEACEKEEPING: POSING EXISTING GLOBAL GOVERNANCE QUESTIONS WITH NEW URGENCY. In: Global Governance in the Age of COVID. Available at: https://wccias.northwestern.edu/ covid-19-research/covid19-and-un-peacekeeping-posing-existing-global-governance-questions-with-new-urgency.html
Coleman, K.P. (2020). Downsizing in UN Peacekeeping: The Impact on Civilian Peacekeepers and the Missions Employing Them. International Peacekeeping 27(5): 703–731. DOI: 10.1080/13533312.2020.1793328.
Davies, S.E. & Rushton, S. (2015). Healing or Harming? United Nations Peacekeeping and Health. March. New York: International Peace Institute.
de Coning, C. (2021). The future of UN peace operations: Principled adaptation through phases of contraction, moderation, and renewal. Contemporary Security Policy 42(2): 211–224. DOI: 10.1080/13523260.2021.1894021.
de Coning, C. & Peter, M. (eds) (2019). United Nations Peace Operations in a Changing Global Order. 1st ed. 2019. Cham: Springer International Publishing : Imprint: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-99106-1.
Dorussen, H. (2014). Peacekeeping Works, or Does It? Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy 20(4): 527–537. DOI: 10.1515/peps-2014-0039.
Dorussen, H. (2020). Peacekeeping after Covid-19. Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy 26(3): 20200022. DOI: 10.1515/peps-2020-0022.
Eslava, L., Fakhri, M,. Nesiah, V,. et al. (2017). Bandung, Global History, and International Law: Critical Pasts and Pending Futures. Available at: http://catalogue.library.qmul.ac.uk/uhtbin/ezproxy.pl?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781316414880 (accessed 13 April 2021).
Fox, J. (2021). How Covid’s Toll Compares With Other Things That Kill Us. Bloomberg Opinion, (1 March). Available at: https://www.bloomberg. com/opinion/articles/2021-03-01/covid-19-s-death-toll-compared-to-other-things-that-kill-us.
Getachew, A. (2020). Worldmaking After Empire: The Rise and Fall of Self-Determination. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
General Assembly resolution 270 (74th session, 2020), Global solidarity to fight the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) (2 April 2020). available from: https://undocs.org/ en/A/RES/74/270
Gowan, R. & Riis Andersen, L. (2020). Peacekeeping in the shadow of Covid-19 era. DIIS POLICY BRIEF, Policy Brief, 12 June. Danish Institute for International Studies. Available at: https://www.diis.dk/en/research/ peacekeeping-in-the-shadow-of-covid-19-era#.XutkgLS6nyA.twitter.
He, Y. (2019). China Rising and Its Changing Policy on UN Peacekeeping. In: de Coning, C. & Peter, M. (eds) United Nations Peace Operations in a Changing Global Order. 1st ed. 2019. Cham: Springer International Publishing : Imprint: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 253–276. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-99106-1.
Howard, L.M. (2019). Power in Peacekeeping. Cambridge, United Kingdom ; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Kadelbach, S. (2012). Interpretation of the Charter. In: Simma, B., Mosler, H., Paulus, A., et al. (eds) The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary. Third edition. Oxford commentaries on international law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lewis, S.L. & Stolte, C. (2019). Other Bandungs: Afro-Asian Internationalisms in the Early Cold War. Journal of World History 30(1–2): 1–19. DOI: 10.1353/jwh.2019.0011.
O’Malley, A. (2018). The Diplomacy of Decolonisation: America, Britain and the United Nations during the Congo Crisis 1960-1964. Key studies in diplomacy. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Peacebuilding Commission (2021) Outlining 2021 Priorities, Peacebuilding Commission Chair Cites Focus on Africa, Support for COVID-19 Recovery Efforts in Conflict-Affected Countries. PBC/139, 3 February. General Assembly.
Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations (A/55/305 - S/2000/809) (n.d.).
Sambanis, N. & Doyle, M.W. (2007). No Easy Choices: Estimating the Effects of United Nations Peacekeeping (Response to King and Zeng). International Studies Quarterly 51(1): 217–226. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2478.2007.00447.x.
Simma, B., Mosler, H., Paulus, A., et al. (eds) (2012). The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary. Third edition. Oxford commentaries on international law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sinclair, G.F. (2017). To Reform the World: International Organizations and the Making of Modern States. First edition. The history and theory of international law. New York: Oxford University Press.
The Economist (2020). How covid-19 gave peace a chance, and nobody took it. The Economist, (5 March). Available at: https://www.economist.com/ international/2020/05/05/how-covid-19-gave-peace-a-chance-and-nobody-took-it.
Security Council resolution 2100 (2013), establishment of the UN Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA), S/RES/2100 (25 May 2013). available from: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/748429?ln=en.
Security Council resolution 2518 (2020), United Nations peacekeeping operations, S/RES/2518 (30 March 2020). available from: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3856398?ln=en.
Tudor, M. (2021). Reputation on the (green) line: revisiting the ‘Plaza moment’ in United Nations peacekeeping practice, 1964–1966. Journal of Global History: 1–19. DOI: 10.1017/S1740022821000048.
UN General Assembly (2020). General Assembly Adopts Omnibus Resolution Calling for Holistic COVID-19 Response, among 3 Passed on Global Health Threats, Malaria. GA/12262, (11 September). UN General Assembly.
UN News (2016). UN’s Ban apologizes to people of Haiti, outlines new plan to fight cholera epidemic and help communities. (1 December). Available at: https://news.un.org/en/story/2016/12/546732-uns-ban-apologizes-people-haiti-outlines-new-plan-fight-cholera-epidemic-and.
UN News (2020). UN Secretary-General Calls for Global Ceasefire to Focus on Ending the COVID-19 Pandemic. Available at: https://www.un.org/en/ academic-impact/un-secretary-general-calls-global-ceasefire-focus-ending-covid-19-pandemic.
United Nations (1945). Charter of the United Nations and Statute of the International Court of Justice. United Nations. Available at: https://www.un.org/en/about-us/un-chart….
United Nations (2008). 60 Years of United Nations Peacekeeping. Available at: https://www.un.org/en/events/peacekeepersday/2008/60years.shtml.
United Nations (2020). United Nations Comprehensive Response to COVID-19: Saving Lives, Protecting Societies, Recovering Better. (25 June). Available at: https:// www. un. org/ sites/ un2. un. org/ files/ un_ comprehensive_ response_to_covid-19_june_2020.pdf.
United Nations Peacekeeping (2020). 20 YEARS OF WOMEN, PEACE AND SECURITY. Available at: https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/ armed-conflict-and-women-10-years-security-council-resolution-1325.
United Nations Peacekeeping (n.d.). WHERE WE OPERATE. United Nations Peacekeeping. Available at: https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/where-we-operate.
von Billerbeck, S.B.K. (2017). UN Peace Operations and Conflicting Legitimacies. Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 11(3): 286–305. DOI: 10.1080/17502977.2017.1353751.
Wainer, D. (2020). U.S.-China Virus Feud Undercuts UN Bid for Cease-fire Resolution. Bloomberg, (1 May). Available at: https://www.bloomberg. com/news/articles/2020-05-01/u-s-china-virus-feud-undermines-un-bid-for-ceasefire-resolution.
Wasim, Mir. (2019). Financing UN Peacekeeping: Avoiding another Crisis.The Iternational Peace Institute: New York. Available at: https://www.ipinst.org/2019/04/financing-un-peacekeeping-avoiding-another-crisis
Wiseman, H. (1983a). Peacekeeping, Appraisals and Proposals. New York: New York : Pergamon Press.
Wiseman, H. (1983b). Peacekeeping: the dynamics offuture development. In: Wiseman H (ed.) Peacekeeping, Appraisals and Proposals. New York: Pergamon Press, p. 349.
World Health Organization (ed.) (2016). International Health Regulations (2005). Third edition. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.